İslam İmar Hukukunun Gırnata Kent Mekanına Yansımaları: Naṣrī Dönemi (7.-9./ 13.-15. Yüzyıl)

Öz

Bu makale, İslam imar hukukunun Gırnata kentindeki şehirleşme süreçlerine etkisini somut örnekler ve fıkhî belgeler ışığında incelemektedir. Geleneksel oryantalist şehircilik yaklaşımlarının aksine, çalışmada İslam şehirlerinin yalnızca fiziksel formlarla değil, aynı zamanda hukuki, dinî ve toplumsal ilkelerle şekillendiği vurgulanmaktadır. Özellikle Maliki fakihlerinin fetvaları, kaza kayıtları ve vakfiye belgeleri temel alınarak, Gırnata’da kamu yararı (maṣlaḥat), zarar vermeme, örf ve vakıf kurumlarının kentsel dokuyu nasıl düzenlediği analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma yalnızca Endülüs bağlamında ve Maliki mezhebine dayalı uygulamalarla sınırlıdır; dolayısıyla elde edilen bulgular, diğer İslam coğrafyalarındaki farklı mezheplerin etkisindeki uygulamalara genellenmemektedir. Çalışma, Gırnata Ulu Camii, Mâristan ve La Madraza gibi önemli yapılar üzerinden İslam imar hukukunun pratikteki yansımalarını ortaya koymaktadır. Yöntem olarak sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden metin incelemesi kullanılmış; tarih, arkeoloji ve fıkıh kaynaklarına müracaat edilmiştir. Metin ve arkeolojik verilerin nitel yöntemlerle birlikte değerlendirilmesi sayesinde, İslam hukukunun kent mekanı üzerindeki normatif ve maddi etkileri çok boyutlu biçimde ele alınabilmiştir. Özellikle fıkhın imara etkisinin anlaşılmasında Granada kenti örnekliğinde yapılan bu inceleme, alan literatürüne önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, araştırma İslam imar hukukunun özellikle kamu yararı, maṣlaḥat, örf ve vakıf kurumlarının etkisiyle Granada kentinin şekillenmesinde belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu inceleme, genel bir İslam şehircilik modeli önermekten ziyade, Endülüs bağlamında yapılmış bir vaka çalışması olarak diğer İslam şehirleriyle yapılacak karşılaştırmalara katkı sağlayabilecek bir temel teşkil etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam Hukuku
• İslam şehirciliği
• İmar
• Endülüs
• Gırnata.

Reflections of Islamic Iʿmār Law on the Urban Space of Gharnāṭa (Granada): The Naṣrī Period (7th-9th / 13th-15th Centuries)

Öz

This article examines the influence of Islamic iʿmār law on urbanization processes in the city of Gharnāṭa (Granada) through concrete examples and fiqhī documents. Contrary to traditional orientalist approaches to urbanism, the study emphasizes that Islamic cities were shaped not only by physical forms but also by legal, religious, and social principles. Based primarily on the fatwās of Mālikī fuqahāʾ, qaḍāʾ records, and waqfiyya documents, the article analyzes how the concepts of public interest (maṣlaḥa), non-harm, ʿurf, and waqf institutions regulated the urban fabric in Granada. The scop of this article is limited to the Mālikī tradition in al-Andalus; therefore, its findings are not generalized to other regions of the Islamic world, where different madhhab traditions led to different urban practices. The study reveals the practical reflections of Islamic iʿmār law through key structures such as the Granada Grand Mosque, Māristān, and La Madraza. Methodologically, a qualitative research approach was employed, including textual analysis within the social sciences, supported by references to history, archaeology, and fiqh sources. By jointly evaluating textual and archaeological data through qualitative methods, the normative and material effects of Islamic law on urban space were approached multidimensionally. This examination, particularly focused on the impact of fiqh on iʿmār with the case of Granada, contributes significantly to the field literature. In conclusion, the research demonstrates that Islamic iʿmār law -especially through the influence of public interest (maṣlaḥa), ʿurf, and waqf institutions- was decisive in shaping the city of Granada. Rather than proposing a general model of Islamic urbanism, this study constitutes a case study within the Andalusi context that may provide a basis for comparative analyses with other Islamic cities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Islamic Law
• Islamic Urbanism
• Iʿmār
• al-Andalus
• Granada.

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