BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Status of the Christians and the First Synods in the Early Period of the Sasanian

Yıl 2015, , 33 - 76, 01.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001425

Öz

Empire Christianity expanded and institutionalized in the Sasanian Empire since 5th century. Covered mainly in this study are the growing Christian population in Īrānshahr, i.e., the land of the Sasanian land, the Sasanian Empire’s varying perceptions of Christians, and the reactions of the Christians to these perceptions. The scope of the study is confined to such early institutions of Christianity as the Mār Ishaq (410), Mār Yahballaha (420), and Mār Dadisho (424) Synods and the attitude of the Sasanian state towards this institutionalization. Within the same framework, the extent to which religion influenced politics with respect to the relationship between the Roman and Sasanian Empires is sought

Kaynakça

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  • Baum, Wilhelm & Dietmar W. Winkler. The Church of the East: A Concise History. İng. terc. M. Henry. Londra: Routledge-Curzon, 2003.
  • el-Bīrūnī, Ebū Rayḥān Muḥammed b. Aḥmed. el-Ās̠ āru’l-Bāḳiye ani’l-Ḳurūni’l- Ḫāliye. Tah. Eduard Sachau. Leipzig: Otto Harassowitz, 1923.
  • ---------. Kitābu’t-Tefhīm li-Evā ili Ṣinā ati’t-Tencīm. Nşr. Celāluddīn Humā ī. Tahran: Silsile-i İntişārāt-ı Ās̠ ār-ı Millī, 1362/1984.
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  • ---------. Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
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  • ---------. “Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties,” Studies in Church History 18 (1982), ss.1-19.
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  • ---------. “The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and Its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire,” Syriac Dialogue: First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition (Vienna: Pro Oriente, 1994) içinde, ss.69-86.
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  • Brock, Sebastian & Susan A. Harvey. The Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
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  • Dīnkerd-i Heftom. Terc. ve tah. Muḥammed Taḳī Rāşid Muḥaṣṣil (Tahran: Pejuheşgāh-i Ulūm-i İnsānī ve Muṭāle āt-ı Ferhengī, 1389/2010).
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Sasani İmparatorluğu’nun erken döneminde Hıristiyanların konumu ve ilk Sinodlar

Yıl 2015, , 33 - 76, 01.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001425

Öz

Hıristiyanlık, Sāsānī coğrafyasında 5. yüzyıldan itibaren yayılmış ve kurumsallaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Hıristiyan nüfusun Īrānşehr olarak adlandırılan Sāsānī topraklarında kademeli bir şekilde artması, Sāsānī devletinin zaman zaman farklılaşan Hıristiyanlık algısı ve Hıristiyanların verdiği tepkiler konu edilmektedir. Araştırmanın kapsamı, Īrānşehr’de yaşayan Hıristiyanlar ve Hıristiyanlık adına ilk kurumsallaşma örnekleri olan Mār İsḥāḳ (410) ve devamındaki Mār Yahballaha (420) ve Mār Dadişo (424) Sinodları ile bu kurumsallaşma karşısında Sāsānīlerin tutumu ile sınırlıdır. Aynı çerçeve içerisinde dinin siyaset üzerindeki etkisinin Roma-Sāsānī ilişkilerine ne ölçüde yansıdığı sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Adday Şer [Addī Şīr]. “Naẓar İntiḳādī fī Ḥikāyāti Ba ḍi Şuhedā i’l-Furs alā Ahdi’l- Melik Şāpūr (309-379),” el-Meşriḳ 15 (1912), ss.503-509.
  • AŞābiyūs (Agapius) b. Ḳusṭanṭīn er-Rūmī el-Menbicī. Kitābu’l- Unvān = Historia Universalis. Tah. P. L. Cheikho. Beyrut: Matba atu’l-Ābā i’l-Yesū iyyīn, 1907.
  • Aphrahat. Select Demonstrations. İng. terc. John Gwynn. The Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers, Series 2 (NPNF II), ed. Philip Schaff, c.13 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
  • Asmussen, Jes. “Christians in Iran: The History of Christian Expansion in Iran,” Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran (Londra: Cambridge University Press, 2008) içinde, c.3:2, ss.924-948.
  • ---------. “The Pahlavi Psalm 122 in English,” Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa (ed.), Dr. J. M. Unvala Memorial Volume (Bombay, 1964) içinde, ss.123-126.
  • Aşā, Rahīm & Şāhīn Sirāc. Āẕerbād-i Mehrsipendān (Tahran: İntişārāt-i Fravahar, 1379/2001).
  • Barnes, T. D. “Constantine and Christians of Persia,” The Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), ss.126-136.
  • Baum, Wilhelm & Dietmar W. Winkler. The Church of the East: A Concise History. İng. terc. M. Henry. Londra: Routledge-Curzon, 2003.
  • el-Bīrūnī, Ebū Rayḥān Muḥammed b. Aḥmed. el-Ās̠ āru’l-Bāḳiye ani’l-Ḳurūni’l- Ḫāliye. Tah. Eduard Sachau. Leipzig: Otto Harassowitz, 1923.
  • ---------. Kitābu’t-Tefhīm li-Evā ili Ṣinā ati’t-Tencīm. Nşr. Celāluddīn Humā ī. Tahran: Silsile-i İntişārāt-ı Ās̠ ār-ı Millī, 1362/1984.
  • Boyce, Mary. “Death: Among Zoroastrians,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.7, ss.179-181.
  • ---------. Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. The History of the Holy Mar Ma’in, with a Guide to Persian Martyr Acts. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2008.
  • ---------. “Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties,” Studies in Church History 18 (1982), ss.1-19.
  • ---------. “Isaac,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.13, ss.610-611.
  • ---------. “Some Aspect of Greek Words in Syriac,” Sebastian Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (Londra: Variorum Reprints, 1984) içinde, ss.80-108.
  • ---------. “The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and Its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire,” Syriac Dialogue: First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition (Vienna: Pro Oriente, 1994) içinde, ss.69-86.
  • ---------. A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Kottayam, India: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1997.
  • Brock, Sebastian & Susan A. Harvey. The Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Buck, Christopher. “The Universality of the Church of the East: How Persian was Persian Christianity?” The Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society 10:1 (1996), ss.54-95.
  • Cameron, Averil. “Agathias on the Sassanians,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23-24 (1969-1970), ss.67-183.
  • Cureton, William. Ancient Syriac Documents Relative to the Earliest Establishment of Christianity in Edessa and the Neighbouring Countries, from Beginning to the Fourth Century. Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1864.
  • Daryaee, Touraj. “Dīdgāhhā-yi Mūbedān ve Şāhinşāhān-i Sāsānī derbāre-yi Īrānşehr,” Nāme-i Īrān-ı Bāstān 3:2 (1382/2004), ss.19-27.
  • ---------. “Ērān, Ērānšahr,” Encyclopaedia Iranica (EIr), c.8.
  • ---------. “History, Epic, and Numismatics: On the Title of Yazdgerd I (Rāmšahr),” Journal of the American Numismatic Society 14 (2002), ss.89-95.
  • ---------. “Shapur II,” Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii (Erişim tarihi 22 Ocak 2015).
  • ---------. Sasanian Iran (224-651 CE): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2008.
  • Dignas, Beate & Engelbert Winter. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Dīnkerd-i Heftom. Terc. ve tah. Muḥammed Taḳī Rāşid Muḥaṣṣil (Tahran: Pejuheşgāh-i Ulūm-i İnsānī ve Muṭāle āt-ı Ferhengī, 1389/2010).
  • Dodgeon, Michael H. & Samuel N. C. Lieu (ed.). The Roman Eastern Frontier and Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History. Londra: Routledge, 2005.
  • Ephraim Syrus. Hymns and Homilies of Ephrahim the Syrian. İng. terc. John Gwynn. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2 (NPNF II), ed. Philip Schaff, c.13 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
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  • ---------. Ecclesiastical History. Books 1-5. İng. terc. Roy J. Deferrari. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1981.
  • Firdevsī. Şāhnāme. nşr. A. E. Bertels. Moskova: İdāre-i İntişārāt-ı Edebiyyāt-ı Ḫāver, 1960.
  • Foltz, Richard. The Religions of Iran. Londra: Oneworld, 2013.
  • Frye, Richard N. The History of Ancient Iran. Münih: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1983.
  • Gaddis, Michael. There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  • Gharib, B. Sogdian Dictionary: Sogdian-Persian-English. Tahran: Farhangan Publications, 1995.
  • Ghirshman, Roman. Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest. Suffolk: Penguin Books, 1978.
  • Gillman, Ian & Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. Christians in Asia Before 1500. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Greatrex, Geoffrey & Samuel N. C. Lieu. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars A.D. 363-630: Part II: A Narrative Sourcebook. Londra: Routledge, 2002.
  • Guzāreş-i Gumān-i Şiken: Şerḥ ve Tercume-i Metn-i Pāzand-i ‘Şikend Gumānīk Vīçār’. Terc. Pervīn Şekībā. Champaign, IL: Ketab-i Keyumers, 2001.
  • Hermann, Giorgina, Donald N. Mackenzie, R. Howell Caldecott. The Sasanian Rock Relief at Naqsh-ı Rustam, (Kerdir’s Inscription). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1989.
  • Herzfeld, Ernest. Archaeological History of Iran. Londra: Oxford University Press, 1935.
  • http//www.fourthcentury.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/06/thecouncilofmarishaq.pdf
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  • http//www.fourthcentury.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/06/thesynodofmardadiso.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 20 Mart 2015)
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  • İbn İsfendiyār, Bahāʼuddīn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasen. Tāriḫ-i Ṭaberistān. Tah.
  • Abbās İḳbāl. Tahran, 1942.
  • İbnu’l-Ezraḳ, Aḥmed b. Yūsuf el-Fāriḳī. Tārīḫu Meyyāfāriḳīn. Tah. Kerīm Fārūḳ el- Ḫūlī & Yusuf Baluken. İstanbul: Nûbihar, 2014.
  • Jullien, Christelle. “Martyrs, Christian,” Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian.
  • Lerner, Judith. “Christianity, ii. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Material Remains,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.5, ss.528-530.
  • Mārī ibn Suleymān. Aḫbāru Faṭāriketi Kursiyyi’l-Meşriḳ min Kitābi’l-Mecdel. Roma, 1899.
  • McDonough, Scott. “A Second Constantine?: The Sasaninan King Yazdgard in Christian History and Historiography,” Journal of Late Antiquity 1:1 (2008), ss.127-140.
  • ---------. “Bishops and Bureaucrats?: Christian Clergy and the State in the Middle Sasanian Period,” Derek Kennet & Paul Luft (ed.), Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology: Proceedings of a Conference Held at Durham University, November 3rd and 4th, 2001 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008) içinde, ss.87-92.
  • Modi, Jivanji J. The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees. Bombay: British India Press, 1922/1937.
  • Mşiha Zha. Erbil Vakayinamesi. Çev. Erol Sever. İstanbul: Yaba, 2002.
  • Muḫtaṣaru’l-Aḫbāri’l-Bī iyye: Ve Huve’l-Ḳismu’l-Mefḳūd mine’t-Tārīḫi’s-Si irdī. Tah. Buṭrus Ḥaddād. Bağdat: Şeriketu’d-Dīvān li’ṭ-Ṭibā a, 2000.
  • Nefīsī, Sa īd. Mesīḥiyyet der Īrān tā Ṣadr-i İslām. Tahran: İntişārāt-i Esāṭīr, 1383/2005.
  • Pahlavi Text IV: Details of Nasks, Dinkard IV. İng. terc. E. West. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892.
  • Procopius. History of Wars: The Book I and II. İng. terc. H. B. Dewing. Londra: Loeb Classical Library, 1914.
  • Russell, James. “Burial, iii: in Zoroastrianism,” Encyclopedia of Iranica, c.4, ss.561- 563.
  • ---------. “Christianity, i. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Literary Sources,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.5, ss.523-528.
  • ---------. “Our Father Abraham and the Magi,” Journal of K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 54 (1987), ss.56-73.
  • Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History. İng. terc. Touraj Daryaee. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2002.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shabur. “The Horse that Killed Yazdagerd the Sinner,” Siamak Adhami (ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honour of Hanns-Peter Schmidt, 2 c. (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003) içinde, ss.355-362.
  • Shaki, Mansour. “The Dēnkard Account of the History of Zoroastrian Scriptures,” Archív Orientální 49:2 (1981), ss.114-125.
  • Siirt Vakayinamesi. Derleyen: Adday Şer. Terc. Celal Kabadayı. İstanbul: Yaba, 2010.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas. “Christianity, iv. Christian Literature in Middle Iranian Languages,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.5, ss.534-535.
  • ---------. “The Sogdian Fragments of the British Library,” Indo-Iranian Journal 18 (1976), ss.43-82.
  • Socrates Scholasticus. Ecclesiastical History. İng. terc. A. C. Zenos. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2 (NPNF II), ed. Philip Schaff, c.2 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
  • Sozomen. The Ecclesiastical History. İng. terc. Chester D. Hartranft. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2 (NPNF II), ed. Philip Schaff, c.2 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
  • St. Chrysostom. Homilies on Gospel of Saint Matthew. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 1 (NPNF I), ed. Philip Schaff, c.10 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
  • eṭ-Ṭaberī, Ebū Ca fer Muḥammed b. Cerīr. Tārīḫu’ṭ-Ṭaberī. Kahire: Dāru’l-Me arif, tsz.
  • Tafażżolī, Aḥmed, “Ādurbād ī Mahrspandān,” Encyclopædia Iranica, c.1, s.477.
  • Tansar]. The Letter of Tansar. İng. terc. Mary Boyce. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1968.
  • The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, VII.3 aktaran Dodgeon-Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and Persian Wars, s. 134.
  • The Doctrine of Addai, The Apostle. İng. terc. George Philips. Londra: Trübner, 1876.
  • Theodoret (Bishop of Cyrus). Ecclesiastical History. İng. terc. Blomfield Jackson. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2 (NPNF II), ed. Philip Schaff, c.3 içinde. 14 c. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
  • Theophanes the Confessor. The Chronicles of Theophanes (Chronographia), Byzantine and Near Eastern History. İng. terc. Cyril Mango & Robert Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
  • Waterfield, Robin E. Christians in Persia: Assyrians, Armenians, Roman Catholics and Protestants. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Wigram, W. A. An Introduction to the History of Assyrian Church or the Church of the Sasanid Persian Empire 100-640 A.D. Londra: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1910.
  • Williams, Alan. “Zoroastrians and Christians in Sasanian Iran,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), ss.37-53.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA74HB25UV
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Alıcı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Alıcı, Mehmet. “Sasani İmparatorluğu’nun Erken döneminde Hıristiyanların Konumu Ve Ilk Sinodlar”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 56, sy. 1 (Nisan 2015): 33-76. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001425.

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