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The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation

Yıl 2023, , 50 - 62, 02.05.2023

Murat Güneylioğlu

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448

Öz

This article examines the main dynamics of the Russia-Iran alignment and discusses its significance in Russian foreign policy and Russia’s balancing strategy against the US. In the Middle East, Russia does not embrace an individual state as a constant ally and seeks pragmatic cooperation with all regional states. Despite maintaining close cooperation with Tehran since the 1990s, Russia has avoided building long-term and binding alliance arrangements with Iran. Instead, Moscow has utilized its relations with Iran as bargaining chip vis-à-vis the US and distanced itself from Tehran whenever there has been a rapprochement in Russian-American relations. In this regard, the Russia-Iran alignment is not an example of ‘hard balancing’ that draws on military alliance formation and mutual arms build-up and aims at confrontation with an adversary. It can be best identified as a ‘soft balancing’ initiative that relies on less confrontational methods such as informal alignments and limited arms build-up and aims to restrain the threatening behavior of a rival state. Another significant limitation of Russia-Iran alignment is that Russia is unwilling to risk its relations with Israel and Gulf states for the sake of Iran considering the cooperation potential with those states in foreign policy, energy, and arms industry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia Iran Alignment Security cooperation Soft balancing.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

2214-A Yurtdışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı

Teşekkür

The article is based on the Author's doctoral dissertation entitled, “Russia's Alignment Strategies in Eurasia: Theoretical Evaluations” (Galatasaray University, Istanbul, 2019). Part of the research has been carried out at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) in Russia for eight months, thanks to the support provided by TÜBİTAK under the framework of the 2214-A Doctoral Research Scholarship. The Author expresses special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Beyza Çağatay Tekin, the thesis supervisor, as well as Prof. Erhan Büyükakıncı and the other thesis committee members for all their valuable contributions to the study. The Author also would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Mikhail Troitskiy and other scholars at MGIMO, Prof. Sergei Karaganov, and Dr. Dimitri Trenin for academic meetings and their significant contributions to the study.

Kaynakça

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  • Bekkevold, J. I. (2019). China, Russia and the Great Power Contest in the Middle East. In J. I. Bekkevold & B. Lo (Eds.), Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century (pp. 141-166). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Orta Doğu’da Rusya-İran İttifakı: İkili Güvenlik İşbirliğinin Temel Dinamikleri ve Sınırları

Yıl 2023, , 50 - 62, 02.05.2023

Murat Güneylioğlu

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448

Öz

Bu makale, Rusya-İran ittifakının temel dinamiklerini incelemekte ve bu ittifakın Rus dış politikası ve Rusya'nın ABD'ye karşı izlediği dengeleme stratejisinde nasıl bir rol oynadığını tartışmaktadır. Orta Doğu bölgesinde Rusya belli bir devleti daimi müttefik olarak benimsemekten kaçınmakta ve tüm bölge ülkeleriyle ortak çıkarlar çerçevesinde pragmatik işbirliği geliştirmeye çalışmaktadır. 1990’lardan bu yana Tahran ile bölgesel güvenlik konularında yakın işbirliği sürdüren Rusya, İran'la uzun vadeli ve bağlayıcı bir askeri ittifak düzenlemesine dahil olmaktan kaçınmıştır. Bunun yerine Moskova’nın İran’la ilişkilerini ABD karşısında pazarlık kozu olarak kullandığı ve Rusya-Amerika ilişkilerinde herhangi bir yakınlaşma olduğunda kendini Tahran'dan uzaklaştırdığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Rusya-İran ittifakı, askeri ittifaklara ve ortak silahlanma girişimlerine dayanan ve rakip bir devlete doğrudan meydan okumayı amaçlayan ‘sert dengeleme’ örneği teşkil etmemektedir. Rusya-İran güvenlik işbirliği, gayri-resmi ittifaklar ve kısıtlı düzeyde silahlanma gibi daha az çatışmacı yöntemlere dayanan ve sadece rakip devletin tehditkâr davranışlarını sınırlamayı amaçlayan bir ‘yumuşak dengeleme’ girişimi olarak tanımlanmalıdır. Rusya'nın ABD karşısında başvurduğu yumuşak dengeleme stratejisinin yanında, Rusya-İran ittifak ilişkileri ikinci bir önemli kısıtlayıcı faktörle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Rusya, İran’ı desteklemek pahasına İsrail ve Körfez ülkeleri gibi diğer bölgesel aktörlerle ilişkilerini riske atmak istememekte ve bu devletlerle dış politika, enerji ve savunma sanayi gibi konularda işbirliği potansiyelini değerlendirmeye çalışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya İran İttifak Güvenlik işbirliği Yumuşak dengeleme.

Proje Numarası

2214-A Yurtdışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı

Kaynakça

  • Author’s interview with Sergei Karaganov. Higher School of Economics. Moscow, Russian Federation. December 7, 2017.
  • Adomeit, H. (1995). Russia as a ‘Great Power’ in World Affairs: Images and Reality. International Affairs, 71(1), 35-68.
  • Akbarzadeh, S. (2015). Iran and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Ideology and Realpolitik in Iranian Foreign Policy. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 69(1), 88-103.
  • Aras, B., & Özbay, F. (2006). Dances with Wolves: Russia, Iran and the Nuclear Issue. Middle East Policy, 13(4), 132-147.
  • Bahgat, G. (2019). Russia-Iran Relations. In N. A. Güney (Ed.), The New Geopolitical Realities for Russia: From the Black Sea to the Mediterranean (pp. 89-104). Lanham: Lexington Books.
  • Barnes-Dacey, J. (2018). Russia and the ‘Resistance Axis’. In N. Popescu & S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, (pp. 65-70). Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed 1 July 2022).
  • Bekkevold, J. I. (2019). China, Russia and the Great Power Contest in the Middle East. In J. I. Bekkevold & B. Lo (Eds.), Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century (pp. 141-166). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Belopolsky, H. (2009). Russia and the Challengers: Russian Alignment with China, Iran and Iraq in the Unipolar Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Borisov, T. (2018). Russian Arms Exports in the Middle East. In N. Popescu & S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, (pp. 37-44). Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed 1 July 2022).
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2005). Hard Times for Soft Balancing. International Security, 30(1), 72–108.
  • Brummer, M. (2007). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Iran: a Power-Full Union. Journal of International Affairs, 60(2), 185-198.
  • Buzan, B., & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chaziza, M. (2014). Soft Balancing Strategy in the Middle East: Chinese and Russian Vetoes in the United Nations Security Council in the Syria Crisis. China Report, 50(3), 243-258.
  • Cohen, J. (2015). If U.S. Arms Ukraine, Russia Could Arm Iran. The Moscow Times, February 16. Retrieved from: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/02/16/if-us-arms-ukraine-russia-could-arm-iran-a43928 (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • David, S. R. (1991). Explaining Third World Alignment. World politics, 43(2), 233-256.
  • Demidenko, S. (2016). Cooperation between Iran and Russia in Struggling Terrorism and Religious Extremism. In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 78-84). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Episkopos, M. (2019). Iran and Russia: Getting Ready to Hold Joint-Naval Drills in the Strait of Hormuz? The National Interest, August 6. Retrieved from: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/iran-and-russia-getting-ready-hold-joint-naval-drills-strait-hormuz-71661 (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Erkomaishvili, D. (2019). Alliance Index: Measuring Alignments in International Relations. International Studies, 56(1), 28-45.
  • Evseev, V. (2016). Common Security Challenges and Prospects. In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 66-72). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Ferguson, C. (2012). The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’. Journal of Strategic Studies, 35(2), 197-222.
  • Geranmayeh, E., & Liik, K. (2016). The New Power Couple: Russia and Iran in the Middle East. European Council on Foreign Relations. September. Retrieved from: https://ecfr.eu/publication/iran_and_russia_middle_east_power_couple_7113/ (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Gvosdev, N. (2006) “Because it is”: Russia, The Existential Great Power. National Interest. Retrieved from: https://www2.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/major_powers_091407/Gvosdev_on_%20Russia.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Hannay, D., & Pickering, T. R. (2017). Building on the Iran Nuclear Agreement. Survival, 59(2), 153-166.
  • Iraq, Russia, Iran and Syria Coordinate against ISIL. (2015). Al Jazeera, September 27. Retrieved from: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/iraq-russia-iran-syria-coordinate-isil-150927125919507.html (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Karami, J. (2016). Iran-Russia Strategic Partnership at the New Stage: What Could We Propose To Each Other? In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 22-28). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Katz, M. N. (2018). Russia and Israel: An Improbable Friendship. In N. Popescu & S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, (pp. 103-108). Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed 1 July 2022).
  • Katzman, K. (2019). Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies. U.S. Congressional Research Service, July 23. Retrieved from: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1027350.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Kiani, D. (2016). Common Security Challenges and Prospects for Cooperation. In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 73-77). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Kozhanov, N. (2016). Russian–Iranian Dialogue after 2012: Turning a New Page? Russian Analytical Digest, No. 192, November. Retrieved from: https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RAD192.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
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  • Larson, D. W., & Shevchenko, A. (2010). Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to US Primacy. International Security, 34(4), 63-95.
  • Larson, D. W., Paul, T. V., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2014). Status and World Order. In T. V. Paul, D. W. Larson, & W. C. Wohlforth (Eds.), Status in World Politics (pp. 3-29). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lund, A. (2019). From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations. The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, U.I. Paper. Retrieved from: https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/ui-publications/2019/ui-paper-no.-7-2019.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Magid, J. (2022). Russia Says Military Coordination with Israel in Syria Will Continue as Usual. The Times of Israel, February 22. Retrieved from: https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-says-military-coordination-with-israel-in-syria-will-continue-as-usual/ (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Message from the President Regarding a Peaceful Nuclear Agreement with Russia. (2010). The White House Archive, May 10. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/message-president-regarding-a-peaceful-nuclear-agreement-with-russia (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Minakov, M. (2021). The Sovereigntist Turn: Sovereignty as a Contested Concept Again. Ideology and Politics Journal, (1/17), 87-114.
  • Mitchell, L. (2022). Putin’s Orange Obsession: How a Twenty-Year Fixation with Color Revolutions Drove a Disastrous War. Foreign Affairs, May 6. Retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2022-05-06/putins-orange-obsession (Accessed: 24 October 2022).
  • Motamedi, M. (2022). ‘Rooted in NATO’: Iran Responds to Russia’s Ukraine Attack. Al Jazeera, Feburary 24. Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/rooted-in-nato-inside-irans-response-to-the-ukraine-crisis-2 (Accessed: 24 October 2022).
  • Mousavi, M. A., & Khodaee, E. (2013). Iran and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 4(1), 185-210.
  • Mousavi, R. (2016). Cooperation between Iran and Russia in Struggling Terrorism and Religious Extremism. In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 85-90). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Mudiam, P. R. (2018). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Gulf: Will India Prefer a Further Westward Expansion of the SCO or its Consolidation? Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 12(4), 457-474.
  • Murciano, G. D. (2018). Preventing a Spillover of the Iran-Israel Conflict in Syria: E3+Russia Should Lead the Way out. SWP Comment, No. 27. Retrieved from: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2018C27_mco.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Nakhle, C. (2018). Russia’s Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East. In N. Popescu & S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, (pp. 29-36). Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed 1 July 2022).
  • Naseem, M. Y., & Mahmadov, H. (2018). Russia-Iran Defense Cooperation: Past and Present. The Journal of Iranian Studies, 2(1), 91-119.
  • Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft Balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7-45.
  • Parker, J. W. (2016). Russia-Iran: Strategic Partners or Competitors? Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy, Working Paper, Retrieved from: https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/91818/WorkingPaper-Iran-Parker-042716.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Paul, T. V. (2004). Introduction: The Enduring Axioms of Balance of Power Theory and Their Contemporary Relevance. In T. V. Paul, J. J. Wirtz, & M. Fortmann (Eds.), Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century (pp. 1-25). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the Age of US Primacy. International Security, 30(1), 46-71.
  • Paulraj, N. (2016). The JCPOA and Changing Dimensions of the Russia–Iran Relations. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 3(1), 95-110.
  • Piskunova E. (2008). Energy Security as a Tool of Soft Balancing in Russian-American Relations under Vladimir Putin. Paper Presented at the Canadian Political Science Annual Convention, Vancouver, 4-6 March. Retrieved from: https://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Piskunova.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Popescu, N. & Secrieru S. (Eds.) (2018). Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Rachwald, A. R. (2011). A ‘Reset’ of NATO–Russia Relations: Real or Imaginary? European Security, 20(1), 117-126.
  • Rodkiewicz, W. (2019). Russia vis-à-vis Iran. OSW Commentary. No. 292, January 30. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/commentary_292.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Rogers, P. & Reeve, R. (2015). Russia’s Intervention in Syria: Implications for Western Engagement. Oxford Research Group, Global Security Briefing, October. Retrieved from: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194291/PR%20briefing%20October%202015.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Sadegh-Zadeh, K. (2008). Iran’s Strategy in the South Caucasus. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2(1), 35-41.
  • Sazhin, V. (2016). Iran-Russia Strategic Partnership at the New Stage: What Could We Propose to Each Other? In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 9-21). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Schroeder, P. W. (2004). Systems, Stability, and Statecraft: Essays on the International History of Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Shakleina, T. (2016). A Russian Perspective on Twenty-First-Century Challenges. In N. C. Noonan & V. Nadkarni (Eds.), Challenge and Change: Global Threats and the State in Twenty-first Century International Politics (pp. 35-70). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461-495.
  • Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Sushentsov, A. (2018). A Russian View on America’s Withdrawal from the Iran Deal. The National Interest, May 15. Retrieved from: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/russian-view-americas-withdrawal-the-iran-deal-25836 (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Therme, C. (2018). Iran and Russia in the Middle East: Toward a Regional Alliance? The Middle East Journal, 72(4), 549-562.
  • Topychkanov, P. (2016). Iranian and Russian Perspectives on the Global System. In Igor Ivanov (Ed.), Russia-Iran Partnership: An Overview and Prospects (pp. 29-33). RIAC Report, No 29. Retrieved from: https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/RIAC-IRAS-Russia-Iran-Report29-en.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Trenin, D. (2018). What Drives Russia’s policy in the Middle East?. In N. Popescu & S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles?, (pp. 21-27). Chaillot Paper, No. 146. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_146.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • U.S., Russia Reach Agreement on Syrian Flights. (2015). Wall Street Journal, October 20, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-russia-reach-agreement-on-syrian-flights-1445371698 (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World politics, 61(01), 86-120.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (2002). US Strategy in a Unipolar World. In J. Ikenberry (Ed.), America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (pp. 98-118). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Yegorov, O. (2019). Who are Russia’s Main Allies? Russia Beyond. January 18. Retrieved from: https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/329861-who-are-russia-allies (Accessed: 1 July 2022).
  • Ziegler, C. (2012). Conceptualizing Sovereignty in Russian Foreign Policy: Realist and Constructivist Perspectives. International Politics, 49(4), 400–417.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Güneylioğlu 0000-0003-3959-5219

Proje Numarası 2214-A Yurtdışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı
Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
AMA Güneylioğlu M. The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. Mayıs 2023;23(1):50-62. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Chicago Güneylioğlu, Murat. “The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2023): 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448.
EndNote Güneylioğlu M (01 Mayıs 2023) The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23 1 50–62.
IEEE M. Güneylioğlu, “The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 1, ss. 50–62, 2023, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1170448.
ISNAD Güneylioğlu, Murat. “The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23/1 (Mayıs 2023), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448.
JAMA Güneylioğlu M. The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23:50–62.
MLA Güneylioğlu, Murat. “The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 50-62, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1170448.
Vancouver Güneylioğlu M. The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23(1):50-62.
Dizinler

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