İmparatorluğun beyni mi kalemi mi? Milner’s Kindergarten ve Güney Afrika özelinde İngiliz İmparatorluk inşasına etkisi

Öz

Güney Afrika tarihinin en yoğun ve belirleyici dönemi hiç şüphesiz ki 1886 ile 1910 yılları arasındaki süreçtir. Kimberley’deki maden keşiflerinin ardından başlayan hızlı dönüşüm özellikle 1886’da Witwatersrand’da derin ve zengin altın damarlarının bulunmasıyla ivme kazanmış, bu da bölge için adeta bir sanayi devriminin yaşanmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu gelişmelerin ardından gerçekleşen baş döndürücü dönüşüm ve bu dönüşümün sosyal, ekonomik ve politik yansımaları, 20. yüzyıl Güney Afrika tarihinin ana hatlarını belirlemiştir. Bu dönemin başında bölge, hâlâ bir dizi İngiliz kolonisi, Afrikaner cumhuriyetleri, himaye bölgeleri ve krallıklarından oluşuyorken, 1910’a gelindiğinde, Katanga’ya kadar olan tüm bölge İngiliz yönetimi altına girmiş ve alt kıtanın toplumları neredeyse tek bir siyasal ekonomi içinde şekillenmeye başlamıştı. Güney Afrika’nın bu şekillenme sürecinin en dikkat çekici ve önemli ayrıntısı, adım adım İngiliz İmparatorluğu bünyesine dahil olmasının dışında, bu yolda izlenen yöntemdir. Bu çerçevede 19. yüzyılın sonları, 20. yüzyılın başları itibarıyla Güney Afrika’daki İngiliz varlığının kurumsallaşmasında 1’inci Vikont Alfred Milner (1854-1925) başat bir figür olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Milner’in önderliğinde bir araya gelen gençlerden oluşan ve literatürde “Milner’s Kindergarten” olarak anılan ekip, Güney Afrika’nın yeniden inşasında özellikle düşünsel yönlendirme ve yazılı üretim alanlarında etkili olmuş, edindikleri tecrübeyi ise imparatorluğun diğer bölgelerine taşımayı hedeflemişlerdir. Bu çalışma, Güney Afrika’daki İngiliz varlığının tarihsel gelişimini özetledikten sonra, Alfred Milner’i kısaca tanıtıp “Milner’s Kindergarten” olarak isimlendirilmiş olan ekibin, Güney Afrika’nın inşa sürecindeki rolünü ele alacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alfred Milner
• Milner’in Anaokulu
• Güney Afrika
• İngiliz İmparatorluğu
• İngiliz Emperyalizmi

The Brain or the Pen of the Empire? The Role of Milner’s Kindergarten in the Making of the British Empire with a Focus on South Africa

Öz

Undoubtedly, the most intense and formative period in South African history was between 1886 and 1910. The rapid transformation that began with the discovery of mineral deposits in Kimberley gained further momentum following the 1886 discovery of extensive and rich gold reefs in Witwatersrand, triggering what can be considered an industrial revolution in the region. The dizzying pace of change that followed, and its social, economic, and political implications, came to define the main contours of South Africa’s 20th-century history. At the beginning of this period, the region still consisted of a series of British colonies, Afrikaner republics, protectorates, and African kingdoms. By 1910, however, the entire area up to Katanga had come under British control, and the societies of the subcontinent had begun to take shape within a unified political economy. What makes this formative process particularly significant is not only South Africa’s gradual incorporation into the British Empire but also the methods employed in this process. Within this framework, Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount (1854–1925), emerges as a central figure in the consolidation of British influence in South Africa during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The group of young men brought together under Milner’s leadership -referred to in the literature as “Milner’s Kindergarten”-played a critical role in the reconstruction of South Africa, especially in terms of intellectual guidance and written production. Their experience in South Africa also served as a model that they sought to extend to other parts of the empire. This study will first provide a historical overview of British presence in South Africa and then analyze the role of the group known as “Milner’s Kindergarten” in the making of South Africa.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alfred Milner
• Milner’s Kindergarten
• South Africa
• British Empire
• British Imperialism

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