Kuzey Kutbu’nda Ortakların Trajedisi Sorununa Çözüm Olarak Küresel Müşterekler Önerisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2019, , 45 - 63, 25.10.2019

Abdurrahman Taraktaş

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.632912

Cited By: 1

Öz

Küresel ısınmayla birlikte
Kuzey Kutbu’ndaki buzulların erimesi, çevresel bir felaket olmasına rağmen,
Kuzey Kutbu’nu çevreleyen ülkeler tarafından ekonomik bir fırsat olarak
görülmektedir. Kuzey Kutbu ülkeleri diğer ülkelerin Kuzey Kutbu konusunda söz
sahibi olmalarına sıcak bakmamaktadırlar. Diğer ülkeler ise, özellikle Avrupa
Birliği, Kuzey Kutbu’nun da Antarktika gibi küresel müştereklerden biri
olduğunu ve çevresel olumsuz gidişi tersine çevirecek adımların ortak
kararlılıkla atılması gerektiğini ileri sürmektedirler. Çalışmada küresel
müşterekler kavramı ve ortakların trajedisi sorununu tanımlandıktan sonra Kuzey
Kutbu’ndaki politik gelişmeler ve yaşanan değişimin getirdiği sorunlar ele
alınmaktadır. Son olarak da Kuzey Kutbu’na getirilen küresel müşterek önerisi
değerlendirilmektedir.   

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kuzey Kutbu, Arktik, Küresel Müşterek, Ortakların Trajedisi

The Evaluation of Global Commons Recommendations as a Solution to the Tragedy of Commons Problem of the North Pole

Öz

With the global warming, the
melting of the glaciers at the North Pole was seen as an economic opportunity
by the countries surrounding the North Pole, although it was an environmental
disaster. The Arctic countries do not
favor the fact that other countries have a say about the North Pole. Other countries, in particular
the European Union, have argued that the North Pole is one of the global commons,
such as Antarctica, and the steps to reverse the negative environmental
advances should be taken with common determination. In the study, after the
definition of the global commons and the tragedy of the commons, the political
developments in the North Pole and the problems brought about by the changes
are discussed. Finally, the global commons
proposal for the North Pole is evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

North Pole, Arctic, Global Commons, Tragedy of Commons

Kaynakça

• Arctic Council (2009). Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 report . Protecting the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) working group of the Arctic Council, Akureyri. http://www.pame.is/amsa/amsa-2009-report (Son Erişim: 01.05.2019)
• Atland, K. (2012). “The security implications of climate change in the Arctic Ocean”. Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht.
• Bock, N. (2013). “Sustainable development considerations in the Arctic”. In Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean (ss. 37-57). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Buck, S. J. (2017). The global commons: an introduction. Routledge.
• Budzik, P. (2009). Arctic oil and natural gas potential. US Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Oil and Gas Division.
• Cavalieri, S., & Kraemer, R. A. (2013). “Transatlantic policy options to address the rapidly changing Arctic”. In Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean (ss. 281-293). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Danimarka Krallığı, The Ilulissat Declaration. http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf (Son Erişim: 01.05.2019)
• Dodds, K. (2014). “Squaring the Circle: The Arctic States,’Law of the Sea,’ and the Arctic Ocean”. Eurasia Border Review, 5(1), 113-124.
• Greenpeace. (2012). Save the Arctic Campaign – Greenpeace International https://www.greenpeace.org/international/act/save-the-arctic/
• Hardin, G. (1968). “The tragedy of the commons”. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
• Heininen, L. (2004). Circumpolar international relations and geopolitics. Arctic human development report, 207-225.
• Howard, R. (2009). “The Arctic gold rush: the new race for tomorrow’s natural resources”. Continuum, London
• Ikeshima, T. (2015). Should Japan’s Arctic Policy be Based on the Assumption that the Arctic Ocean is a Global Commons?. In Waseda Global Forum (No. 12, ss. 109-150).
• Jegorova, N. (2013). Regionalism & Globalisation: The Case of the Arctic. Arctic Yearbook, 125-141.
• Mogherini, F. (2017). Speech by the High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the High Level Arctic Event. https://eeas.europa.eu/arctic-policy/eu-arctic-policy/28274/speech-high-representative-vice-president-federica-mogherini-high-level-arctic-event_en (Son Erişim: 01.05.2019)
• Netting, R. M., & Netting, R. M. (1981). Balancing on an Alp: ecological change and continuity in a Swiss mountain community. CUP Archive.
• NSIDC. (2012). Poles apart: A record-breaking summer and winter. Arctic Sea Ice News & Analysis. http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2012/10/poles-apart-a-record-breaking-summer-and-winter/ (Son Erişim: 01.05.2019)
• Parfitt, T. (2007). Russia plants flag on North Pole seabed. The Guardian
• Schoolmeester, T., Gjerdi, H.L., Crump, J., Alfthan, B., Fabres, J., Johnsen, K., Puikkonen, L., Kurvits, T. and Baker, E., 2019. Global Linkages – A graphic look at the changing Arctic. UN Environment and GRID Arendal, Nairobi and Arendal. www.grida.no
• Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Salyuk, A., Yusupov, V., Kosmach, D., & Gustafsson, Ö. (2010). “Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf”. Science, 327(5970), 1246-1250.
• Soroos, M. S. (1992). “Conflict in the Use and Management of International Commons”. Perspectives on Environmental Conflict and International Politics, London: Pinter Publishers, 31-43.
• Wadhams, P. (2013). “Diminishing sea-ice extent and thickness in the Arctic ocean”. In Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean (ss. 15-30). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Wang, M., & Overland, J. E. (2009). “A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?”. Geophysical research letters, 36(7).
• Watts, A. (1992). International law and the Antarctic treaty system (Vol. 11). Cambridge University Press.
• Yalowitz, K. S. (2013). “Arctic Climate Change: Security Challenges and Stewardship Opportunities”. In Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean (pp. 31-36). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Zellen, BS. (2009). Arctic doom, Arctic boom: the geopolitics of climate change in the Arctic. Praeger, Santa Barbara
• Shackelford, S. J. (2009). The tragedy of the common heritage of mankind. Stan. Envtl. LJ, 28, 109.
• USGS. (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf (Son Erişim: 01.05.2019)