The Importance of the Arctic Region as a Centre of Attraction for the Chinese Economy: Some Implications for Selected Industries

Yıl 2019, , 92 - 121, 25.10.2019

Mehmet Zanbak , A. Beyhan Akay

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.632925

Cited By: 1

Öz

China, which is among the leading countries on the
global scale in terms of growth performance, has recently entered into new
searches to sustain this performance. In this process, the melting of the
glaciers of global warming has revealed the economic potential of the Arctic
region at the northern end of the World, and China has increased its interest
in the region in order to get a share of this cake.

With melting glaciers, North Arctic maritime transport,
mining, energy resources such as oil and natural gas became important and
China, like many other countries, has concentrated its investments in the area.
In this study, it is aimed to reveal the importance of the corridor which
significantly shortens the maritime trade distance between the Europe and Asia,
energy resources, and precious metals in the development of Chinese economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arctic, China, North Trade Route, Arctic energy resources and mining

Bir Çekim Merkezi Olarak Arktika’nın Çin Ekonomisi Açısından Önemi: Seçilmiş Endüstrilere Yönelik Bazı Çıkarımlar

Öz

Büyüme
performansı bakımından küresel ölçekte en önde gelen ülkelerin arasında yer
alan Çin, bu performansı sürekli kılabilmek adına son dönemlerde yeni
arayışlara girmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde küresel ısınmanın buzulları eritmesi,
dünyanın kuzey ucunda yer alan Arktika bölgesinin ekonomik potansiyelini ortaya
çıkarmış, Çin ise bu pastadan pay alabilmek adına bölgeye ilgisini sürekli
arttırmıştır.

Buzulların
erimesiyle birlikte Kuzey Arktika deniz yolu; taşımacılığı, madenciliği, petrol
ve doğalgaz gibi enerji kaynaklarını öne çıkarmış ve birçok ülke gibi Çin de bu
konudaki yatırımlarını bölgede yoğunlaştırmıştır. Bu çalışma, özellikle
Avrupa-Asya ticari denizyolu mesafesinin önemli ölçüde kısalmasını sağlayan bu
koridorun, enerji kaynaklarının ve değerli madenlerin, Çin ekonomisinin
gelişmesindeki önemini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arktika, Çin, Kuzey Ticaret Rotası, Arktika enerji kaynakları ve madenciliği

Kaynakça

• AHDR, (2004). Arctic Human Development Report. N., Einarsson, J. N. Larsen, A. Nilsson and O. R. Young (Eds.), Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, http://www.svs.is/static/files/images/pdf_files/ahdr/English_version/AHDR_first_12pages.pdf (erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
• AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme). (2019). “Arctic Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic 2017”. https://www.amap.no/documents/download/3295/inline (erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019).
• AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme). (2011). “Arctic Climate Issues 2011: Changes in Arctic Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost”. https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2267/inline (erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019).
• AMSA, (2009). Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, Arctic Council, Norway.
• Arctic Council, (2013). “Arctic Council Observer Manual For Subsidiary Bodies”, Eighth Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, Kiruna, Sweden.
• Ateş, O. (2017). “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Arktika Politikası”, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi, 6(1): 57-95, doi: 10.26650/Jes371512.
• Auerswald, D. (2019). “China’s Multifaceted Arctic Sgtrategy”. https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/chinas-multifaceted-arctic-strategy/ (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2019).
• Brady, A.M. (2017). “China’s Expandıng Antarctic Interests: Implications For New Zealand”, Small States And The Changing Global Order: New Zealand Faces The Future’ At University Of Canterbury, , 3-4 June 2017, Christchurch New Zealand.
• Berman, M., Nicolson, C., Kofinas, G, Tetlichi, J. ve Martin, S. (2004), “Adaptation And Sustainability In A Small Arctic Community: Results Of An Agent-Based Simulation Model”, Arctıc, 57(4): 401-414.
• Chen, G. (2012). “China’s Emerging Arctic Strategy”. The Polar Journal, 2(2): 358-371.
• Chircop, A., (2011). “The Emergence Of China As A Polar-Capable State”, Canadian Naval Review, 7(1): 9-14.
• Demirkılınç, S. ve Pehlivanlı, R. (2016). “Kuzey Kutup Bölgesi'ndeki İşbirliğinde Arktika Konseyi'nin Rolü”, 2. Uluslararası Çin’den Adriyatik’e Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, 5-6-7 Mayıs 2016, Hatay, 246-265.
• Deere-Jones, T. (2016). Ecological, Economic And Social Costs Of Marine/Coastal Spills Of Fuel Oils (Refinery Residuals), European Climate Foundation, The Hague.
• Descamps, M. (2019). “The Ice Silk Road: Is Chine a Near-Arctic State?”. Focus Asia, Perspective & Analysis, February: 1-4.
• EIA, (2019). China and India Accounst For Half of Global Energy Growth Throuh 2035, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=3130 (erişim tarihi: 01.06.2019).
• Gautier, D. L., Bird, K. J., Charpentier, R. R., Grantz, A. vd. (2009). “Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gaz in the Arctic”. Science, 324: 1175-1179, doi: 10.1126/science.1169467.
• Grätz, J. (2012). “The Arctic: Thaw with Conflict Potential”. CSS Analysis in Security Policy, ETH Zurich, 118, 1-4.
• Hong, N. (2014). “Emerging Interests Of Non-Arctic Countries In The Arctic: A Chinese Perspective”, The Polar Journal, 4(2): 271-286, doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2014.954888
• Huang, L., Lasserre, F. ve Alexeeva, O. (2015). “Is China's Interest For The Arctic Driven By Arctic Shipping Potential?”, Asian Geographer, 32(1): 59-71, doi:10.1080/10225706.2014.928785
• IPCC, (2019). Summary For Policymakers Of IPCC Special Report On Global Warming Of 1.5°C Approved By Governments, https://www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/ (erişim tarihi: 25.06.2019).
• Kirtman, B., S.B. Power, J.A. Adedoyin, G.J. Boer, R. Bojariu, I. Camilloni, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A.M. Fiore, M. Kimoto, G.A. Meehl, M. Prather, A. Sarr, C. Schär, R. Sutton, G.J. van Oldenborgh, G. Vecchi ve H.J. Wang (2013), “Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability”. Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: 953-1028.
• Kopra, S. (2013). “China's Arctic Interests”, Arctic Yearbook 2013, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269109588_China's_Arctic_Interests (erişim tarihi: 15.04.2019).
• Kwok, R. Ve Armitage T.W.K., (2017). SWOT and the Ice Covered Oceans of the Arctic and Antarctic: Sea Surface Height and Sea Ice Freeboard. Project Report, Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, California.
• Lanteigne, M. (2014). “Chine’s Emerging Arctic Strategies: Economics and Institutions”. Institute of International Affairs, The Centre for Arctic Policy Studies Iceland, Occasional Papers.
• Larsen, J. N. (2010). “Economies and Business in the Arctic Region”, N. Loukacheva (Ed) Polar Law Textbook, TemaNord 2010:538, 81-100.
• Loukacheva, N. (2015). “Resource Developments and Polar Law”, N. Loukacheva (Eds.), Polar Law and Resources, TemaNord 2015:533, Copenhagen, 17-35.
• NDRC, (2015). “Vision And Actions On Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt And 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”, http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html (erişim tarihi: 26.06.2019).
• Ping, S. ve Lanteign, M. (2015). “China’s Developing Arctic Policies: Myths And Misconceptions”, JCIR, 3(1): 1-25.
• Rosen, M. E. ve Thuringer, C. B. (2017). “Unconstrained Foreign Direct Investment: An Emerging Challenge to Arctic Security”. CNA Analysis & Solutions, Occasional Papers.
• Sharma, S., Ishizawa, M., Chan, D., Lavoué, D., Andrews, E., Eleftheriadis, K. ve Maksyutov, S. (2013). “ 16-Year Simulation Of Arctic Black Carbon: Transport, Source Contribution, And Sensitivity Analysis On Deposition” Journal Of Geophysıcal Research: Atmospheres, 118, 943–964, doi:10.1029/2012JD017774.
• Shi, X., Groisman, P.Y., D´Ery, S.J. ve Lettenmaier, D.P. (2011). “The Role Of Surface Energy Fluxes In Pan-Arctic Snow Cover Changes” Environmental Research Letters, 6-035204: 1-8.
• Şahin, B., Şenol, Y. E. Ve Kartal, Ş. E., (2014). “SWOT Analysis Of Transportation In The Arctic Region”, LM-SCM 2014 XII. International Logistics And Supply Chain Congress, 30-31 October 2014, İstanbul, 669-683.
• The Arctic Institute, (2019). Publications, Maps, https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-maps/ (erişim tarihi: 01.06.2019).
• The State Council, (2018). China’s Arctic Policy, The State Council Information Office Of The People’s Republic Of China, White Paper First Edition, Beijing.
• Tonami, A. (2014). “The Arctic Policy Of China and Japan: Multi-layered Economic And Strategic Motivations”, The Polar Journal, 4(1): 105-126, doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2014.913931
• USGS (United States Geological Survey) (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf. (erişim tarihi: 21.05.2019)
• UTİKAD (2019), Arktikte Yeni Ticaret Hatları Açılıyor https://utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/11301/arktikte-yeni-ticaret-hatlari-aciliyor (erişim tarihi: 11.04.2019).
• World Bank, (2019). “The World Bank In China”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview#3 (erişim tarihi: 26.06.2019).
• WTEx, (2019). “Crude Oil Imports by Country”, http://www.worldstopexports.com/crude-oil-imports-by-country/(erişim tarihi: 26.06.2019).
• Xinhua. (2013). China, Russia Pledge Closer Energy Cooperation. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-02/19/c_132179010.htm (erişim tarihi: 03.04.2019).
• Yılmaz, A. ve Çiftçi, A. (2013). “Arktika Bölgesi’nin Siyasal Önemi ve Siyasal ve Hukuksal Statüsünün Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirmesi”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31(Güz), 1-16.