BM Kolektif Güvenlik Sisteminin Etkinliği Sorunu: Realist Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2021, , 107 - 120, 07.05.2021

Murat Güneylioğlu

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.836865

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler kolektif güvenlik sistemi Soğuk Savaş dönemi ve sonrasında birçok uluslararası güvenlik krizi karşısında etkisiz bir konumda kalmıştır. Bunun en önemli nedeni, BM Güvenlik Konseyi (BMGK) daimi üyelerinin kendilerini ilgilendiren sorunlarda veto kartına başvurarak sistemi kilitlemesi olarak görülmektedir. Sistemi etkin kılabilmek için ortaya atılan reform önerileri, BMGK’nın yapısı ve karar alma sistemi üzerine düzenlemeler içermektedir. Buna karşın realizm, uluslararası örgütlerin barış ve güvenliğin korunmasında rol oynayabilen özerk bir aktör olarak ele alınmasına karşı çıkmaktadır. Uluslararası örgütler en güçlü devletler tarafından biçimlendirilmekte ve kendi çıkarları çerçevesinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu bakımdan örgütler sadece sistemdeki güç dengesinin bir yansımasıdır. Savaş ve barışın ardındaki en önemli faktör güç dengesidir. Bu çalışma BM kolektif güvenlik sisteminin etkinliği sorununu realist bir perspektiften incelemektedir. Çalışmanın ana iddiasına göre, uluslararası krizlere askeri müdahale kararını etkileyen temel faktörler ulusal çıkarlar ve bölgesel güç dengeleridir. BMGK onayı, müdahaleye uluslararası destek ve meşruiyet sağlaması açısından yalnızca karar almayı kolaylaştırıcı bir rol oynamaktadır. Uluslararası krizlere müdahale edilmesi yolunda yukarıdaki faktörlerin nasıl işlediğini ortaya koyabilmek için, Soğuk Savaş sonrası yaşanan önemli örnek olaylar incelenmektedir. Bunlar; I. Körfez Savaşı, Kosova krizi ve Suriye iç savaşıdır. Suriye’de yaşanan kriz, benzer bir biçimde ortaya çıkan ancak BMGK kararıyla müdahale edilen Libya kriziyle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

BM Güvenlik Konseyi, Güç dengesi, Körfez krizi, Kosova, Libya, Suriye

The Efficiency Problem of the UN Collective Security System: A Realist Review

Öz

The United Nations collective security system has been inefficient vis-à-vis many international security crises during and after the Cold War. The conventional wisdom suggests that this is mainly because the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC) have often applied to the veto with regard to problems concerning their interests. Therefore reform suggestions for the system focus on the UNSC’s structure and decision-making process. However, realism does not agree that international organizations are autonomous actors that could preserve peace and security. International organizations are shaped by the most powerful nations who utilize them to pursue their interests. International organizations are just a reflection of the distribution of power which is the main factor leading to war and peace. This paper examines the efficiency problem of the UN collective security system from a realist perspective. It argues that national interests and regional balance of power are the main factors affecting decisions for military intervention in a given international crisis. The UNSC authorization plays a role only in facilitating such a decision as it provides international support and legitimacy for the intervention. In order to show how those factors function in practice, the paper turns to the significant cases from the post-Cold-War era: The First Gulf War, the Kosovo crisis, and the Syrian civil war. The Syria crisis is analyzed comparatively with the Libya crisis which emerged on the basis of similar causes but led to an intervention authorized by the UNSC.

Anahtar Kelimeler

UN Security Council, Balance of power, Gulf crisis, Kosovo, Libya, Syria

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