Arktik Bölge’de Uluslararası Siyasi Düzen: Teorik Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 , 1 - 24, 25.10.2019

Hasan Fatih Seval

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.632904

Cited By: 3

Öz

Küresel ısınmanın etkilerinin daha belirgin bir şekilde
hissedilmeye başlandığı son yıllarda Arktik Bölge, sadece iklimsel konularda
değil, siyasi konularda da ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır. Buzul kütlelerinin erimesiyle
bölgeye erişim kolaylaşmış; zengin doğal kaynak potansiyeli ve yeni ticaret
yollarının kullanım ihtimali bölgeyi küresel bir coğrafya haline
dönüştürmüştür. Küresel ölçekte stratejik öneme sahip olan bölgede, Soğuk
Savaş’tan bu yana istikrarlı bir uluslararası politik düzen hâkimdir. Çıkar
çatışmaları ihtimalinin artacağı öngörülen önümüzdeki yıllarda bu istikrarın
sürdürülebilmesi için, bölgeye hâkim uluslararası siyasi düzenin doğasını
anlamak önemlidir. Çalışmada, öncelikle Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde
tanımlandığı şekliyle istikrarlı bir düzen olup olmadığı sorgulanmış, ardından
bölgedeki uluslararası düzen üç farklı teorik yaklaşım bağlamında ele
alınmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arktik Bölge, Uluslararası Düzen, İstikrar

International Political Order of the Arctic: A Theoretical Approach

Öz

In recent years, as the effects of
global warming have become more apparent, the Arctic has begun to come into
prominence not only on climatic issues but also on political issues. With the
melting of glacial masses, access to the area was facilitated; the rich natural
resource potential and the possibility of using new trade routes have
transformed the region into a global geography. In the Arctic, which has
strategic importance on the global scale, a stable international political order
has prevailed since the Cold War. It is important to understand the nature of
the international political order that dominates the region in order to
maintain this stability in the coming years, where the possibility of conflicts
of interest is expected to increase. In this paper, firstly, it is questioned
whether there is a stable order as defined in the International Relations
discipline; and then the international order in the region is discussed in the
context of three different theoretical approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Arctic, International Order, Stability

Kaynakça

• Ahlenius, H. (2007). “Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage”. https://benmuse.typepad.com/arctic_economics/2008/03/from-rotterdam.html (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Ahlenius, H., Johnsen, K., ve Nellemann, C. (2005). Vital Arctic Graphics: People and Global Heritage on our Last Wild Shores. UNEP.
• Arctic Council. (2018). “The Arctic Council: A Backgrounder”. https://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2018).
• Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). (2010). “Definitions of the Arctic Region”. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/definitions-of-the-arctic-region/248 (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2018).
• Axelrod, R. ve Keohane, R. (1985). “Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions”. World Politics, 38(1), 226-254.
• Balcı, A. (2015). “Realizm”. Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş. Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (ed.). İstanbul: Küre.
• Barents Euro-Arctic Region. (t.y.). “Cooperation in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region”. https://www.barentscooperation.org/en/About (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Bekkers, E., Francois, J., ve Romagosa, H. (2015). Melting Ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route. Amsterdam: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
• Borgerson, S. G. (2008). “Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming”. Foreign Affairs, 87, 63–77.
• Bull, H. (2002). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (3. b.). New York: Palgrave.
• Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). (2013). Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Stell, İzlanda: Arctic Council.
• CRS Report. (2019). “Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program”. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL34391.pdf (erişim tarihi: 14 Mayıs 2019).
• Desjardins, J. (2016). “The Energy and Mineral Riches of the Arctic”. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Deutsch, K., ve Singer, D. (1964). “Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability”. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
• Dirzauskaite, G., ve Ilinca, N. (2017). Understanding “Hegemony” in International Relations Theories. Aalborg: Aalborg University.
• Duhaime, A., ve Caron, A. (2006). “The Economy of the Circumpolar Arctic”. The Economy of the North. S. Glomsrod ve I. Aslaksen (ed.). Oslo: Statistics Norway.
• Dünya Bankası. (t.y.). “World Bank Data”. https://data.worldbank.org/ (erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2018).
• Ecorys Research Programme. (2014). Valuating the Arctic Ice Melt. Rotterdam: NEI Foundation.
• Elster, J. (1989). The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambrigde: University of Cambridge.
• Exner-Pirot, H., ve Murray, R. (2017). Regional Order in the Arctic: Negotiated Exceptionalism. Politik, 20(3), 47-64.
• Gilmour, J. G. (2018). “Icebreaker Operations in the Arctic Ocean”. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 18(3), 16-30.
• Gilpin, R. (1975). U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
• Godwin, P. H. (2004). “China as Regional Hegemon”. The Asia-Pacific: A Region in Transition. J. Rofle (ed.). Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
• Graff, J. (2007). “Fight for the Top of the World”. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1663848,00.html (erişim tarihi: 11 Aralık 2018).
• Heininen, L. (2011). “The end of the post-Cold War in the Arctic”. Nordia Geographical Publications, 40(4), 31-42.
• Heininen, L., Sergunin, A., ve Yarovoy, G. (2014). Russian Strategies in the Arctic. Moskova: Valdai Discussion Club.
• Heleniak, T. (2014). “Arctic Populations and Migration”. Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. J. Larsen ve G. Fondahl (ed.). Kopenhag: Nordic Council of Ministers.
• Hoel, A. H. (2009). “The High North Legal-Political Regime”. Security Prospects in the High North. S. Holtsmark ve B. Smith-Windsor (ed.). Roma: NATO Defense College (NDC).
• Huesken, F. W. (2012). “International Systems, Polarity, Cybertechnology and Security”. Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy, 3(1), 40-51.
• Ikenberry, J. (2001). After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Ikenberry, J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of American World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Jervis, R. (2016). “The $5.4 billion HOV lane: Will Panama Canal expansion boost global trade?”. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/06/23/panama-canal-expansion-slump/86279016/ (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Jorgensen, F. A. E. (2015). “İngiliz Okulu”. Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş. Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (ed.). İstanbul: Küre.
• Kavka, G. (1983). “Hobbes's War of All Against All”. Ethics, 93(2), 291-310.
• Koivurova, T. (2016). “Analysis: The Arctic Conflict - Truth, Fantasy or a Little bit of Both?” https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/analysis-arctic-conflict-truth-fantasy-or-little-bit-both (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Kuersten, A. (2016). “The Arctic Five versus the Arctic Council”. Arctic Yearbook 2016. L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot ve J. Plouffe (ed.). Akureyri, İzlanda: Northern Research Forum.
• Layne, C. (1994). “Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace”. International Security, 19(2), 5-49.
• Lindholt, L. (2006). “Arctic Natural Resources in a Global Perspective”. The Economy of the North. S. Glomsrød ve I. Aslaksen (ed.). Oslo: Statistics Norway.
• Matz-Lück, N. (2009). “Planting the Flag in Arctic Waters: Russia’s Claim to the North Pole”. Göttingen Journal of International Law, 1(2), 235-255.
• Mearshimer, J. J. (2013). “Structural Realism”. International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. T. Dunne, M. Kurki, ve S. Smith (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Moe, A. ve Stokke, O. S. (2019). “Asian Countries and Arctic Shipping: Policies, Interests and Footprints on Governance”. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 10, 24-52.
• Mundy, M. (2016). “The Polar Express Lane: Promoting Cleaner Shipping in The Northwest Passage”. The Georgetown Environmental Law Review, 29(153), 153-183.
• Nong, D., Countryman, A., Warziniack, T., ve Grey, E. (2018). “Arctic Sea Routes: Potential New Pathways for Nonindigenous Species Spread”. Arctic, 71(3), 269-280.
• NORDEN. (t.y.). “The Nordic Council”. https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-council (erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Oğuzlu, T. (2015). “Liberalizm”. Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş. Ş. Kardaş ve A. Balcı (ed.). İstanbul: Küre.
• Olesen, M. R. (2014). Cooperation or conflict in the Arctic: A Literature Review (DIIS Working Paper 2014:08). Kopenhag: Danish Institute for International Studies.
• Osterud, O. ve Honneland, G. (2014). “Geopolitics and International Governance in the Arctic”. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 5(2), 156–176.
• Pape, R. A. (2005). “Soft Balancing against the United States”. International Security, (23), 7-45.
• Perry, C., ve Andersen, B. (2012). New Strategic Dynamics in the Arctic Region. Cambridge: The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis.
• Rosecrance, R. N. (1966). “Bipolarity, Multipolarity, and the Future”. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10(3), 314-327.
• Ross, J. E. (2014). “Global Warning: The Arctic Meltdown”. Ocean Graphic Magazine, 30(10), 97-164.
• Sachse, V. E. (1989). Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Examination. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University.
• Schofield, C., ve Potts, T. (2008). “Current Legal Developments: The Arctic”. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 23(1), 151-176.
• Schwab, K. (2018). Global Competitiveness Report 2018. Cenevre: World Economic Forum.
• SIPRI. (2017). “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2018).
• Soroka, G. (2016). “The Political Economy of Russia’s Reimagined Arctic”. Arctic Yearbook 2016. L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot ve J. Plouffe (ed.). Akureyri, İzlanda: Northern Research Forum.
• Spohr, A., Höring, J., Cerioli, L., Lersch, B., ve Soares, J. (2013).” The Militarization of the Arctic: Political, Economic and Climate Challenges”. UFRGSMUN Journal, 11-70.
• The Economist. (2019). Democracy Index 2018: Me too?. The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd.
• The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2018). Technological Readiness Ranking. The Economist Intelligence Unit.
• The Northern Dimension. (t.y.). “Exploring the Northern Dimension”. http://www.northerndimension.info/northern-dimension erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2018).
• Trenin, D. (2010). “The Arctic: A Front for Cooperation Not Competition”. The Arctic: A View from Moscow. Trenin, D. ve Baev, P. K. (ed.). Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
• Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK). (t.y.). “Güncel Türkçe Sözlük”. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=D%C3%9CZEN (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2018).
• Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Wegge, N. (2010). “The Political Order in the Arctic: Power Structures, Regimes and Influence”. Polar Record, 47(241), 165-176.
• Yazid, N. M. (2015). “The Theory of Hegemonic Stability, Hegemonic Power and International Political Economic Stability”. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 3(6), 67-79.
• Young, O. R. (2009). “Whither the Arctic? Conflict or Cooperation in the Circumpolar North”. Polar Record, 45(232): 73–82.