Coopetition and Non-Profit Performance in War-Torn Region: Role of Outside Knowledge and Innovative Climate

Öz

The inconsistent findings on the association between non-profit coopetition and performance are complicated and contingent on essential factors. However, our current understanding of the circumstances under which non-profit coopetition matters to performance is limited. We take a novel context to address this question and build on the combined literature from the emerging non-profit coopetition literature. This study conceptualises and tests the impact of coopetition (simultaneous cooperation and competition) on the organisational performance of non-profit organisations in a war-torn region. Notably, it investigates the simultaneous cooperation and competition in non-profits' social and financial performance via outside knowledge and innovative climate. An in-person survey with 158 executives and board members was conducted in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. The survey adopted reliable and valid scales to measure the variables. Structural equation modelling was applied to test the mediation model. The proposed sequential mediating model has a good model fit with all four hypotheses statistically significant. Non-profit engagement in coopetition positively affects organisation performance via mediators: use of outside knowledge and innovative climate. Cooperation with competitors helps non-profits to effectively use the outside knowledge that forms an innovative climate at the organisational level. Additionally, the use of outside knowledge has a direct effect on performance. Non-profits should integrate outside and internal knowledge to generate sustainable financial and social performance opportunities, especially in turbulent or war-torn regions. Moreover, context is imperative for non-profit leaders to identify themselves and seek inter-organisational relationships. The study also provides theoretical and practical implications that help non-profit leaders innovate and increase organisational performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Coopetitive relationships
• Non-profits
• Outside knowledge
• Innovative climate

Savaşın Yıktığı Bölgede İşbirliği ve Kar Amacı Gütmeyen Kuruluş Performansı: Dış Bilginin ve Yenilikçi İklimin Rolü

Öz

Kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların iş birliği ile performans arasındaki ilişkiye dair tutarsız bulgular karmaşıktır ve temel faktörlere bağlıdır. Ancak, kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların iş birliğinin performans açısından hangi koşullar altında önemli olduğuna dair mevcut anlayışımız sınırlıdır. Bu soruyu ele almak için yeni bir bağlamı ele alıyor ve gelişmekte olan kâr amacı gütmeyen iş birliği alan yazınından birleşik alan yazına dayanıyoruz. Bu çalışma, iş birliğinin (eşzamanlı iş birliği ve rekabet) savaştan zarar görmüş bir bölgedeki kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların örgütsel performansı üzerindeki etkisini kavramsallaştırmakta ve test etmektedir. Özellikle, kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların sosyal ve finansal performansı üzerindeki eş zamanlı iş birliği ve rekabeti, dışarıdan bilgi ve yenilikçi iklim kullanımı yoluyla araştırmaktadır. Irak'ın Bağdat ilinde 158 yönetici ve yönetim kurulu üyesi ile yüz yüze bir anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ankette değişkenleri ölçmek için güvenilir ve geçerli ölçekler kullanılmıştır. Aracılık modelini test etmek için yapısal eşitlik modellemesi uygulanmıştır. Önerilen sıralı aracılık modeli, dört hipotezin tümü istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olacak şekilde iyi bir model uyumuna sahiptir. Kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların birlikte rekabete girmesi, aracılar vasıtasıyla kuruluş performansını olumlu yönde etkilemektedir: dış bilgi kullanımı ve yenilikçi iklim. Rakiplerle iş birliği, kar amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların kurumsal düzeyde yenilikçi bir iklim oluşturan dış bilgiyi etkin bir şekilde kullanmalarına yardımcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca, dış bilginin kullanımı performans üzerinde doğrudan bir etkiye sahiptir. Kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlar, özellikle çalkantılı veya savaştan zarar görmüş bölgelerde sürdürülebilir finansal ve sosyal performans fırsatları yaratmak için dış ve iç bilgiyi entegre etmelidir. Ayrıca, kâr amacı gütmeyen liderlerin kendilerini tanımlamaları ve örgütler arası ilişkiler aramaları için bağlam zorunludur. Çalışma ayrıca kâr amacı gütmeyen liderlerin yenilik yapmalarına ve kurumsal performansı artırmalarına yardımcı olacak teorik ve pratik çıkarımlar da sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İşbirliği ilişkileri
• Kar amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlar
• Dışarıdan bilgi
• Yenilikçi iklim

Kaynakça

1. Alshamary, M., & Maqsoud, S. (2022). The Landscape of Civil Society in Iraq. Retrieved from Beirut, Lebanon: https://cnxus.org/the-iraqi-knowledge-sharing-platform/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/The-Landscape-of-Civil-Society-in-Iraq.pdf
2. Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). ”Coopetition” in business Networks—to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial marketing management, 29(5), 411-426.
3. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238.
4. Besana, A. (2018). Economics, competition and coopetition of the Italian private welfare state: a cluster analysis. Paper presented at the Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Proceedings of the 20th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference-Vol. 2.
5. Bhatt, B., Dembek, K., Hota, P. K., & Qureshi, I. (2021). Sharing economy model for the base of the pyramid: An ecosystem approach. In Sharing economy at the pyramid's base: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 319-336). Springer Singapore.
6. Campbell, J. W., Im, T., & Jeong, J. (2014). Internal efficiency and turnover intention: Evidence from local government in South Korea. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 259-282
7. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology (Illustrated ed.). Harvard Business School Press.
8. Chin, W. W., Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2008). Structural equation modelling in marketing: Some practical reminders. Journal of marketing theory and practice, 16(4), 287-298.

9. Collins, T., & Gerlach, J. D. (2019). Bridging the gaps: Local government and non-profit collaborations. Journal of Public Non-profit Affairs, 5(2), 118-133.
10. Coombes, S. M., Morris, M. H., Allen, J. A., & Webb, J. W. (2011). Behavioural orientations of non‐profit boards as a factor in entrepreneurial performance: does governance matter? Journal of Management Studies, 48(4), 829-856.
11. Dagnino, G. B., Levanti, G., & Mocciaro Li Destri, A. (2016). Structural dynamics and intentional governance in strategic inter-organizational network evolution: A multilevel approach. Organization Studies, 37(3), 349-373.
12. Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2006). Phases of the adoption of innovation in organisations: effects of environment, organisation and top managers 1. British Journal of Management, 17(3), 215-236.
13. Dougherty, D. (1992). Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organisation Science, 3(2), 179-202.
14. Fathalikhani, S., Hafezalkotob, A., & Soltani, R. (2020). Government intervention on cooperation, competition, and coopetition of humanitarian supply chains. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 69, 100715.
15. Fernandez, A. S., Chiambaretto, P., Le Roy, F., & Czakon, W. (2018). Introduction: Coopetition: From neologism to a new paradigm. In Routledge Companion to Coopetition Strategies (pp. 1-10). Routledge.
16. Fernández, G., & Morris, R. G. (2018). Memory, novelty and prior knowledge. Trends in Neurosciences, 41(10), 654-659.
17. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
18. Foss, N. J., Laursen, K., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Linking customer interaction and innovation: The mediating role of new organizational practices. Organization Science, 22(4), 980-999.
19. Fleming, L., Mingo, S., & Chen, D. (2007). Collaborative brokerage, generative creativity, and creative success. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(3), 443-475.
20. Glor, E. D. (2014). Studying the impact of innovation on organisations, organisational populations and organisational communities: A framework for research. The Innovation Journal, 19(3), 1.
21. Gulshan, B. (2020). Coopetition among non-profit organisations: The impact on fundraising and performance. (Doctorate), Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi
22. Gulshan, B., & Liaqat, M. M. (2022). Non-profit coopetitive alliances: Manifestation, formalisation and fund development. In M.H. Kratochvilova & R. Kratochvil (Eds.). Proceedings of IAC in Vienna 2022 (pp. 17-27). Czech Institute of Academic Education z.s. https://www.conferences-scientific.cz/file/9788088203308
23. Hallock, K. J., Wildman, K. H., Lee, D.-K., & Ramamoorthy, A. (2002). An innovative procedure using a sublimable solid to align lipid bilayers for solid-state NMR studies. Biophysical journal, 82(5), 2499-2503.
24. Hoeber, L., & Hoeber, O. (2012). Determinants of an innovation process: A case study of technological innovation in a community sport organisation. Journal of Sport Management, 26(3), 213-223.
25. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modelling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3(4), 424. ICNL. (2023). Civic freedom monitor. Retrieved from https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/iraq
26. Kaplan, R. S. (2009). Conceptual foundations of the balanced scorecard. Handbooks Of Management Accounting Research, 3, 1253-1269.
27. Kaplan, R. S., & Leadership. (2001). Strategic performance measurement and management in non-profit organisations. Non-profit Management, 11(3), 353-370.
28. Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. (2002). Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behaviour and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1183-1194.
29. Keating, E. K., & Frumkin, P. (2001). How to assess non-profit financial performance. Harvard University Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.
30. Kirchner, T. A., Ford, J. B., & Markowski, E. P. (2016). Coopetition (contemporaneous cooperation and competition) among Non-profit Arts Organizations. Paper presented at the Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing: Proceedings of the 2013 World Marketing Congress.
31. Laurett, R., & Ferreira, J. J. (2018). Strategy in non-profit organisations: A systematic literature review and agenda for future research. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary Non-profit Organizations, 29, 881-897.
32. Liaqat, M. M. (2020). Micro-foundations of cognitive paradoxical tensions in social entrepreneurs. (PhD PhD), Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul. Retrieved from /https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/631104/yokAcikBilim_10314839.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y
33. Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4), 315-332.
34. Lorgnier, N., & Su, C.-J. (2014). Considering coopetition strategies in sport tourism networks: A look at the non-profit nautical sports clubs on the northern coast of France. European Sport Management Quarterly 14(1), 87-109.
35. Mariani, M. (2018). The role of policymakers and regulators in coopetition. In Fernandez AS, Chiambaretto P, Le Roy F, et al. (Eds) The Routledge companion to coopetition strategies (pp. 105-116). Routledge.
36. Mariani, M. M. (2007). Coopetition as an emergent strategy: Empirical evidence from an Italian consortium of opera houses. International Studies of Management Organization 37(2), 97-126.
37. Meyer, M., & Leitner, J. (2018). Slack and innovation: The role of human resources in nonprofits. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 29(2), 181-201.
38. McCarthy, C., Ford Carleton, P., Krumpholz, E., & Chow, M. P. (2018). Accelerating innovation through coopetition. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42(1), 26-34.
39. Mohammed, M. J. (2021). Coopetition and bargaining power of farmers: the mediating role of analytical capability. (Master), Altınbaş Üniversitesi/Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Istanbul.
40. Moore, M. H. (2003). The public value scorecard: A rejoinder and an alternative to strategic performance measurement and management in non-profit organisations’ by Robert Kaplan. Available at SSRN 402880, 28.
41. Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E., & Silverman, B. S. (1996). Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 77-91.
42. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. In B.B., Wolman (Eds) Clinical diagnosis of mental disorders: A handbook, (pp. 97-146). Plenum Press.
43. Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: the intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management Organization, 37(2), 32-52.
44. Park, S. H., & Russo, M. V. (1996). When competition eclipses cooperation: An event history analysis of joint venture failure. Management Science, 42(6), 875-890.
45. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective: Stanford Business Books.
46. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioural research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
47. Raza-Ullah, T., Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2014). The coopetition paradox and tension in coopetition at multiple levels. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 189-198.
48. Reiter, V., Tzafrir, S. S., & Laor, N. (2018). Patterns of trust and collaboration among non-profit organisations and health funds: A case study. Journal of Public and Non-profit Affairs, 4(2), 134-155.
49. Sayer, K. (2004). Making the case for investment in fundraising. International Journal of Non-profit Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9(2), 159-162.
50. Schiffling, S., Hannibal, C., Tickle, M., & Fan, Y. (2022). The implications of complexity for humanitarian logistics: A complex adaptive systems perspective. Annals of Operations Research 319(1), 1379-1410.
51. Shaheen, I., Azadegan, A., & Davis, D. F. (2022). Resource Scarcity and Humanitarian Social Innovation: Observations from Hunger Relief in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Ethics, 182(3), 597-617. doi:10.1007/s10551-021-05014-9
52. Sharma, E., & Alter, A. L. (2012). Financial deprivation prompts consumers to seek scarce goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(3), 545-560.
53. Sowa, J. E., Selden, S. C., Sandfort, J. R. J. N., & quarterly, v. s. (2004). No longer unmeasurable? A multidimensional integrated model of non-profit organisational effectiveness. Non-profit voluntary sector quarterly, 33(4), 711-728.
54. Stadtler, L., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2016). Coopetition as a paradox: Integrative approaches in a multi-company, cross-sector partnership. Organization Studies, 37(5), 655-685.
55. Ullman, J. B., & Bentler, P. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling. In J. A. Schinka, W. F. Velicer, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (pp. 661–690). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
56. Tai Tsou, H. (2012). Collaboration competency and partner match for e‐service product innovation through knowledge integration mechanisms. Journal of Service Management 23(5), 640-663.
57. Wang, Z., Lv, Q., Lan, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Cross-lingual knowledge graph alignment via graph convolutional networks. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Brussels, Belgium.
58. Weerawardena, J., & Mort, G. S. (2012). Competitive strategy in socially entrepreneurial non-profit organisations: Innovation and differentiation. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 31(1), 91-101.
59. Wemmer, F., Emrich, E., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2016). The impact of coopetition-based open innovation on performance in non-profit sports clubs. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(3), 341-363.
60. Wemmer, F., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2016). Open innovation in non-profit sports clubs. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary Non-profit Organizations, 27, 1923-1949.
61. Wicker, P., & Breuer, C. (2013). Understanding the importance of organisational resources to explain organisational problems: Evidence from non-profit sports clubs in Germany. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary Non-profit Organizations, 24, 461-484.
62. Yami, S., Castaldo, S., Dagnino, B., & Le Roy, F. (2010). Coopetition: winning strategies for the 21st century: Edward Elgar Publishing.
63. Zeimers, G., Anagnostopoulos, C., Zintz, T., & Willem, A. (2019). Examining collaboration among non-profit organisations for social responsibility programs. Non-profit voluntary sector quarterly, 48(5), 953-974.
64. Zhang, H., Shu, C., Jiang, X., & Malter, A. J. (2010). Managing knowledge for innovation: The role of cooperation, competition, and alliance nationality. Journal of International Marketing, 18(4), 74-94.