Araştırma Makalesi
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War and Peace in Game of Thrones as An Epic Narrative

Yıl 2024, , 17 - 38, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.62393/aurum.1462750

Öz

This study aims to examine the war and peace themes in the TV series Game of Thrones, which can be considered as an epic a popular culture narrative. Epics’ themes are of war, adventure and chivalry and they reproduce discourse on values, morality, war and peace though one or more protagonists. Epics, traditionally, construct war discourse by concepts like just war, war ethics and honor, and peace discourse by absence of war. In this study, Game of Thrones, has been examined in terms of war and peace themes via Thematic Analysis. Results revealed that Game of Thrones, somewhat differs from traditional epic narratives. Although classical themes like “just war discourse” pops on and off throughout the show, it is also emphasizes that war is not a glorious act. Showing conflicting perspectives of the warring parties, narrative of the show refutes many narratives that serves as justification of war. Moreover, in Game of Thrones universe, peace is not built on the absence of war. Narrative emphasized that non-conflict is not sufficient but a just administration is necessary for peace. In this context, peacebuilding in the Game of Thrones manifests itself in a way that converges with Galtung's conceptualization of peace.

Kaynakça

  • Amjad F. A. & Ashrafi H. (2022) The other in Game of Thrones: A Levinasian ethical reading, Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 39:6, 1360-1376, https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2021.1932208
  • Arkonaç, S. (2014). Psikolojide söz ve anlam analizi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı
  • Atalay, H. (2015). Uygarlığın yıkımla ve yapımla sınavı. In A. D. Başterzi & T. A. Akar (Ed.), Barış Kitabı. Bireyden topluma savaşın ve barışın ruh hali (ss. 65-82). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Attebery B. (1980). The fantasy tradition in American literature: From Irving to Le Guin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Barash, D. P., & Webel, C. (2018). Peace and conflict studies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
  • Başterzi, A. D. (2015). Bellek ve ötesi: Hatırlama, unutma ve hesaplaşma üzerine. In A. D. Başterzi and T. A. Akar (Ed.), Barış kitabı. Bireyden topluma savaşın ve barışın ruh hali (ss. 347-360). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Bells A. (1984). The weak place in the cloth. In Fantasists on fantasy: A collection of critical reflections by eighteen masters of the art. (ss. 163-180). New York: Avon Books.
  • Benioff, C.D. & Weiss, D.B. [Producers]. (2011-2019). Game of Thrones [TV series]. HBO; Television 360; Grok! Studios; Generator Entertainment; Bighead Littlehead.
  • Benioff, C.D. & Weiss, D.B. [Directors]. (2019). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In The iron throne. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Benioff, D. [Director] (2013). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In Walk of punishment. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Clapton, W. & Shepherd, L. J. (2016). Lessons from Westeros: Gender and power in Game of Thrones. Politics, 37(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395715612101
  • Coe, K. (2012). Television news, public opinion, and The Iraq War. Communication Research, 40(4), 486–505.
  • Cole, M. (2012). Art imitates war: Post-traumatic stress disorder in a Song of Ice and Fire.” In Beyond the wall: Exploring George R.R. Martin’s a song of fire and ice, edited by James Lowder, 73–88. Dallas: BenBella.
  • Coşkun, H. & Tekdemir, G. (2020). “Mesih annelik”: Sosyal medyada inşa edilen annelik kimliğinin söylem analizi. Journal for Womens Studies, 21(1), 69-88.
  • Çoker, Ç. (2007). Bir sosyal fenomenin değerlendirilmesinde üniversite öğrencilerinin kullandığı söylemler ve kaynakları. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Do Rosário Leitão Lupi Bello, M. (2012). Film at the crossroads of narrative and dramatic genre. Panorâmica: Revista Electrónica de Estudos Anglo-Americanos / An Electronic Journal of Anglo- American Studies, 3(1), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v21i1.64
  • Ellis, K. M. (2014). Cripples, bastards and broken things: Disability in Game of Thrones. M/C Journal, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.895
  • Ferraday, D. (2015). “Game of Thrones, rape culture and feminist fandom.” Australian Feminist Studies 30(83): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2014.998453
  • Frankel, V. E. (2014). Women in Game of Thrones: Power, conformity and resistance. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
  • Galtung, J. (1981). Social cosmology and the concept of peace. Journal of Peace Research, 18(2), 183- 199. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338101800207
  • GameofThrones. (2016). Game of Thrones Season 6: Anatomy of A Scene: The Battle of Winterfell (HBO). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B93k4uhpf7g
  • Gibson, S. (2012). Social representations of peace and conflict: Introduction to the special issue. Papers on Social Representation, 21, 1-8.
  • Graves, A. [Director] (2013a). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In And now his watch is ended. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Graves, A. [Director] (2013b). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In Kissed by the fire. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Heinrich, A. J. (1996). Violence in narrative: Imperium and identity in Roman epic (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York, New York.
  • Jackson, P. [Director] (2001). Lord of The Rings: Fellowship of The Ring [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment.
  • Jackson, P. [Director] (2002). Lord of The Rings: Two Towers [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment. Jackson, P. [Director] (2003). Lord of The Rings: Return of The King [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment. Jacoby, H. (Ed.). 2012. Game of Thrones and philosophy. Malden: Blackwell James, W. (1995). The moral equivalent of war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 1(1), 17- 26. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0101_4
  • Lovatt, H. (2013). The epic gaze: Vision, gender and narrative in ancient epic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marques, Diana (2019). Power and the denial of femininity in Game of Thrones. Canadian Review of American Studies, 49(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.3138/cras.49.1.004 Marshall, N. [Director] (2012). Gameof Thrones [TV series]. In Blackwater. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Martin, G. R. R. (2011). A game of thrones: Book one of a song of ice and fire. New York: Bantham Books. Mattox, J. M. (2006). Saint Augustine and the theory of just war. In Continuum Studies in Philosophy. London: Continuum.
  • Minahan, D. [Director] (2011a). Game of Thrones. In You win or you die [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Minahan, D. [Director] (2011b). Game of Thrones. In A golden crown [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment Mylod, M. [Director] (2017). Game of Thrones. In Stormborn [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Nutter, D. [Director] (2013). Game of Thrones. In Rains of Castamere [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Olesker, R. (2020). Chaos is a ladder: A study of identity, norms, and power transition in the Game of Thrones universe. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(1), 47–64. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1369148119885065
  • Olrik, A. (1994). Halk anlatılarının epik kuralları. Milli Folklor, 23, 2-5. Özerdem, A. (2013). Barış inşası ve kuram ve uygulaması. İstanbul: Nobel. Potter, J., and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage Publications.
  • Rohr, Z., & Benz, L. (2020). Queenship and the women of Westeros: Female agency and advice in Game of Thrones and a Song of Ice and Fire. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Sackheim, D. [Director] (2016). Game of Thrones. In Book of the stranger. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2011). Game of Thrones. In Hardhome [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2016a). Game of Thrones. In The winds of winter [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2016b). Game of Thrones. In Battle of the bastards [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Syse, H. (2010). The platonic roots of just war doctrine: A reading of Plato’s Republic. Diametros, 23, 104-123.
  • Tekdemir-Yurtdaş, G., & Alparslan, B. (2019). Institutional identity practices on Twitter. Muhakeme, 2(2), 29-39.
  • Tkalec, Marina; Zilic, Ivan; Recher, Vedran (2017). The effect of film industry on tourism: Game of Thrones and Dubrovnik. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 705-714. doi:10.1002/ jtr.2142
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1968/2001). Yüzüklerin efendisi: (1-2-3 Cilt) Yüzük kardeşliği - İki kule - Kralın dönüşü (Ç. E. İpek, Trans.). İstanbul:Metis
  • Van der Linden, N., & Licata, L. (2011). Social representations of war and peace. In D. J. Christie (Ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp263
  • Van der Linden, N, Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., & Mellon, S. (2011). Social representational correlates of attitudes toward peace and war: A cross-cultural analysis in the United States and Denmark. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17(3), 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1078191 9.2011.587176
  • Wachowski, L., & Wachowski, L. [Director] (1999). The Matrix [Movie]. Warner Bros.

Bir Epik Anlatı Olarak Taht Oyunları’nda Savaş ve Barış

Yıl 2024, , 17 - 38, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.62393/aurum.1462750

Öz

Bu çalışma, bir popüler kültür anlatısı içinde bir Epik olarak kabul edilebilecek Taht Oyunları dizisindeki savaş ve barış temalarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Epiklerin temaları savaş, macera ve şövalyelik gibi temalardır ve bu temalar değerler, ahlak, savaş ve barış üzerine söylemi bir veya daha fazla kahraman aracılığıyla işlenir ve yeniden üretirler. Epikler geleneksel olarak savaş konseptini haklı savaş, savaş ahlakı ve namus gibi temalarla, barış konseptini ise savaşın yokluğu üzerinden kurgular. Bu çalışmada Taht Oyunları, Tematik Analiz yoluyla savaş ve barış temaları açısından incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar Taht Oyunları'nın geleneksel epik anlatılardan biraz farklı olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dizinin anlatısında “haklı savaş söylemi” gibi klasik temalar zaman zaman kendini gösterse de geleneksel yaklaşımdan farklı olarak savaşın şanlı bir eylem olmadığı da vurgulanmaktadır. Savaşan tarafların çelişkili bakış açılarını gösteren dizinin anlatımı, savaşı meşrulaştıran pek çok anlatıyı çürütmektedir. Üstelik Taht Oyunları evreninde barış, savaşın yokluğu üzerine kurulmamakta; anlatı, barış için çatışmasızlığın yeterli olmadığını, adil bir yönetimin gerekli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu bağlamda Taht Oyunlarında barış inşası Galtung’un barış kavramsallaştırmasına yakınsayan bir şekilde tezahür etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Amjad F. A. & Ashrafi H. (2022) The other in Game of Thrones: A Levinasian ethical reading, Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 39:6, 1360-1376, https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2021.1932208
  • Arkonaç, S. (2014). Psikolojide söz ve anlam analizi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı
  • Atalay, H. (2015). Uygarlığın yıkımla ve yapımla sınavı. In A. D. Başterzi & T. A. Akar (Ed.), Barış Kitabı. Bireyden topluma savaşın ve barışın ruh hali (ss. 65-82). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Attebery B. (1980). The fantasy tradition in American literature: From Irving to Le Guin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Barash, D. P., & Webel, C. (2018). Peace and conflict studies (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
  • Başterzi, A. D. (2015). Bellek ve ötesi: Hatırlama, unutma ve hesaplaşma üzerine. In A. D. Başterzi and T. A. Akar (Ed.), Barış kitabı. Bireyden topluma savaşın ve barışın ruh hali (ss. 347-360). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
  • Bells A. (1984). The weak place in the cloth. In Fantasists on fantasy: A collection of critical reflections by eighteen masters of the art. (ss. 163-180). New York: Avon Books.
  • Benioff, C.D. & Weiss, D.B. [Producers]. (2011-2019). Game of Thrones [TV series]. HBO; Television 360; Grok! Studios; Generator Entertainment; Bighead Littlehead.
  • Benioff, C.D. & Weiss, D.B. [Directors]. (2019). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In The iron throne. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Benioff, D. [Director] (2013). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In Walk of punishment. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Clapton, W. & Shepherd, L. J. (2016). Lessons from Westeros: Gender and power in Game of Thrones. Politics, 37(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395715612101
  • Coe, K. (2012). Television news, public opinion, and The Iraq War. Communication Research, 40(4), 486–505.
  • Cole, M. (2012). Art imitates war: Post-traumatic stress disorder in a Song of Ice and Fire.” In Beyond the wall: Exploring George R.R. Martin’s a song of fire and ice, edited by James Lowder, 73–88. Dallas: BenBella.
  • Coşkun, H. & Tekdemir, G. (2020). “Mesih annelik”: Sosyal medyada inşa edilen annelik kimliğinin söylem analizi. Journal for Womens Studies, 21(1), 69-88.
  • Çoker, Ç. (2007). Bir sosyal fenomenin değerlendirilmesinde üniversite öğrencilerinin kullandığı söylemler ve kaynakları. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Do Rosário Leitão Lupi Bello, M. (2012). Film at the crossroads of narrative and dramatic genre. Panorâmica: Revista Electrónica de Estudos Anglo-Americanos / An Electronic Journal of Anglo- American Studies, 3(1), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v21i1.64
  • Ellis, K. M. (2014). Cripples, bastards and broken things: Disability in Game of Thrones. M/C Journal, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.895
  • Ferraday, D. (2015). “Game of Thrones, rape culture and feminist fandom.” Australian Feminist Studies 30(83): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2014.998453
  • Frankel, V. E. (2014). Women in Game of Thrones: Power, conformity and resistance. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
  • Galtung, J. (1981). Social cosmology and the concept of peace. Journal of Peace Research, 18(2), 183- 199. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338101800207
  • GameofThrones. (2016). Game of Thrones Season 6: Anatomy of A Scene: The Battle of Winterfell (HBO). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B93k4uhpf7g
  • Gibson, S. (2012). Social representations of peace and conflict: Introduction to the special issue. Papers on Social Representation, 21, 1-8.
  • Graves, A. [Director] (2013a). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In And now his watch is ended. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Graves, A. [Director] (2013b). Game of Thrones [TV series]. In Kissed by the fire. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Heinrich, A. J. (1996). Violence in narrative: Imperium and identity in Roman epic (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York, New York.
  • Jackson, P. [Director] (2001). Lord of The Rings: Fellowship of The Ring [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment.
  • Jackson, P. [Director] (2002). Lord of The Rings: Two Towers [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment. Jackson, P. [Director] (2003). Lord of The Rings: Return of The King [Movie]. New Line Home Entertainment. Jacoby, H. (Ed.). 2012. Game of Thrones and philosophy. Malden: Blackwell James, W. (1995). The moral equivalent of war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 1(1), 17- 26. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0101_4
  • Lovatt, H. (2013). The epic gaze: Vision, gender and narrative in ancient epic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marques, Diana (2019). Power and the denial of femininity in Game of Thrones. Canadian Review of American Studies, 49(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.3138/cras.49.1.004 Marshall, N. [Director] (2012). Gameof Thrones [TV series]. In Blackwater. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Martin, G. R. R. (2011). A game of thrones: Book one of a song of ice and fire. New York: Bantham Books. Mattox, J. M. (2006). Saint Augustine and the theory of just war. In Continuum Studies in Philosophy. London: Continuum.
  • Minahan, D. [Director] (2011a). Game of Thrones. In You win or you die [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Minahan, D. [Director] (2011b). Game of Thrones. In A golden crown [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment Mylod, M. [Director] (2017). Game of Thrones. In Stormborn [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Nutter, D. [Director] (2013). Game of Thrones. In Rains of Castamere [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Olesker, R. (2020). Chaos is a ladder: A study of identity, norms, and power transition in the Game of Thrones universe. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(1), 47–64. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1369148119885065
  • Olrik, A. (1994). Halk anlatılarının epik kuralları. Milli Folklor, 23, 2-5. Özerdem, A. (2013). Barış inşası ve kuram ve uygulaması. İstanbul: Nobel. Potter, J., and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage Publications.
  • Rohr, Z., & Benz, L. (2020). Queenship and the women of Westeros: Female agency and advice in Game of Thrones and a Song of Ice and Fire. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Sackheim, D. [Director] (2016). Game of Thrones. In Book of the stranger. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment. Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2011). Game of Thrones. In Hardhome [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2016a). Game of Thrones. In The winds of winter [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Sapochnik, M. [Director] (2016b). Game of Thrones. In Battle of the bastards [TV series]. ABD: HBO Home Entertainment.
  • Syse, H. (2010). The platonic roots of just war doctrine: A reading of Plato’s Republic. Diametros, 23, 104-123.
  • Tekdemir-Yurtdaş, G., & Alparslan, B. (2019). Institutional identity practices on Twitter. Muhakeme, 2(2), 29-39.
  • Tkalec, Marina; Zilic, Ivan; Recher, Vedran (2017). The effect of film industry on tourism: Game of Thrones and Dubrovnik. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 705-714. doi:10.1002/ jtr.2142
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1968/2001). Yüzüklerin efendisi: (1-2-3 Cilt) Yüzük kardeşliği - İki kule - Kralın dönüşü (Ç. E. İpek, Trans.). İstanbul:Metis
  • Van der Linden, N., & Licata, L. (2011). Social representations of war and peace. In D. J. Christie (Ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp263
  • Van der Linden, N, Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., & Mellon, S. (2011). Social representational correlates of attitudes toward peace and war: A cross-cultural analysis in the United States and Denmark. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17(3), 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1078191 9.2011.587176
  • Wachowski, L., & Wachowski, L. [Director] (1999). The Matrix [Movie]. Warner Bros.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnsani Felaketler, Çatışma ve Barış İnşası, Televizyon Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Büşra Alparslan 0000-0002-1994-4824

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Alparslan, B. (2024). War and Peace in Game of Thrones as An Epic Narrative. Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 17-38. https://doi.org/10.62393/aurum.1462750