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WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: CASE STUDY OF RWANDA AND KENYA

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 171 - 187, 31.12.2019

Öz

Abstract
The marginalization of women from political and economic activities has been a subject of debate and policy
reforms across the world. In Africa, decades after most countries attained independence; women continue
to face more obstacles in pursuing their political interests in a male-dominated field. This is partly due to the
societal structures that alienated women from decision-making processes in favor of men. However, gradual
changes in African societies such as improved access to education, globalization, the emergence of feminism
and experiences such as conflicts in the continent have seen an improved representation of women in decisionmaking
processes in the society. This paper, therefore, examines parliamentary women representations in Rwanda
and Kenya through the historical development of women participation in parliament, the factors that facilitated
these developments, the influence of women parliamentarians in legislation, and, the challenges that continue to
deter women from effective representation and participation in parliamentary proceedings. This paper concludes
that women parliamentarians play a significant role in good governance through their inputs in parliamentary
legislation especially on pro-poor development and protection of vulnerable groups in the society.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, P., & Rwica, J. (2014). End-of-Line Evaluation of ‘Beyond Raising Awareness: Shifting the Power Balance to Enable Women to Access Land in Rwanda’.
  • Barton, C. (2005). Where to for Women’s Movements and the MDGs?. Gender & Development, 13(1), 25-34.
  • Beckwith, K., & Cowell-Meyers, K. (2007). Sheer numbers: Critical representation thresholds and women’s political representation. Perspectives on politics, 5(3), 553-565.
  • Biegon, J. (Ed.). (2016). Gender and Political Processes in Kenya. Nairobi: Strathmore University.
  • Bratton, K. A., & Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science, 428-437.
  • Carroll, S. J. (Ed.). (2001). The impact of women in public office. Indiana University Press.
  • Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2006). Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 522-530.
  • Cowell-Meyers, K. (2001). Gender, power, and peace: A preliminary look at women in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Women & Politics, 23(3), 57-90.
  • Cowley, P., & Childs, S. (2003). Too spineless to rebel? New Labour’s women MPs. British Journal of Political Science, 33(3), 345-365.
  • Devlin, C., & Elgie, R. (2008). The effect of increased women’s representation in parliament: The case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237-254.
  • Duflo, E., & Chattopadhyay, R. (2016). Women as policy makers: Evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India (No. id: 8795).
  • Dodson, D. L. (1991). Reshaping the agenda: Women in state legislatures. Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
  • Drude Dahlerup, (1998) “Using Quotas to Increase Women’s Political Representation,” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, ed. Azza Karam. (Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 96.
  • Foulds, K. (2014). Buzzwords at play: gender, education, and political participation in Kenya. Gender and Education, 26(6), 653-671.
  • Franceschet, S., & Piscopo, J. M. (2008). Gender quotas and women’s substantive representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 393-425.
  • Ghai, Y. P., & McAuslan, P. (1970). Public law and political change in Kenya: A study of the legal framework of government from colonial times to the present. Oxford University Press.
  • Grey, S. (2002). Does size matter? Critical mass and New Zealand’s Women MP.
  • Hughes, R., & Mwiria, K. (1989). Kenyan women, higher education and the labour market. Comparative Education, 25(2), 179-195.
  • Inter-parliamentary Union. (1995). Women in parliaments, 1945-1995: a world statistical survey (No. 23). Inter-Parliamentary Union.
  • Kabeer, N. (2015). Gender, poverty, and inequality: a brief history of feminist contributions in the field of international development. Gender & Development, 23(2), 189-205.
  • Kamau, N. (2010). Women and political leadership in Kenya. Berlin: Heinrich BollStiftung. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  • Kathlene, L. (1995). Position power versus gender power: Who holds the floor?. Gender power, leadership, and governance, 167-94.
  • Kenyan Government (2010). The constitution of Kenya. Government Printer, Nairobi: Kenyan Publishers.
  • Kiragu, J. (2006). Is there a Women’s Movement?’. J. Muteshi, Mapping Best Practices: Promoting Gender Equality and the Advancement of Kenyan Women, Heinrich Böll Foundation, East and Horn of Africa Region.
  • Kisaka, M. O., & Nyadera, I. N. (2019). Ethnicity and Politics in Kenya’s Turbulent Path to Democracy and Development. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 76 (2), 159-180.
  • Lampman, J. (2001). Women Lead in Effort to Rebuild Rwanda. Christian Science Monitor, 15.
  • Longman, T. (2006). Rwanda: achieving equality or serving an authoritarian state?. Rwanda’s Female Parliamentarians’ in. G. Bauer and H.E. Britton (eds) 2006, Women in African Parliaments, Lynne Rienner, pp. 133–50
  • Mackay, F. (2008). ‘Thick’conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender and political institutions. Representation, 44(2), 125-139.
  • Mackay, F. (1996). The zero-tolerance campaign: setting the agenda. Parliamentary Affairs, 49(1), 206-221.
  • Malik, S., & Courtney, K. (2011). Higher education and women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Gender and Education, 23(1), 29-45.
  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent” yes”. The Journal of politics, 61(3), 628-657.
  • Milligan, L. (2014). ‘They are not serious like the boys’: gender norms and contradictions for girls in rural Kenya. Gender and Education, 26(5), 465-476.
  • Musandu, P. (2009). Drawing from the Wells of Culture: Grace Onyango and the Kenyan Political Scene (1964-1983). Wagadu Volume 6 Journal of International Women’s Studies Volume 10: 1, 108.
  • Nthiiri, G. (2014). The Contribution of The Kenya Women Parliamentary Association In Strengthening Democracy In Kenya (Doctoral Dissertation, University Of Nairobi).
  • Nyadera, I.N., (2018). South Sudan conflict from 2013 to 2018: Rethinking the causes, situation and solutions. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 18(2), pp.59-86.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Agwanda, B. (2019). The Emergence and Evolution of Populism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Party Politics and Personalities. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 76-91.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Kisaka, M. O. (2019). The Role Of Gender And Women In Political Institutions In Africa: A Case Of Political Parties. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(1), 124-144.
  • Opoku, M. P., Anyango, B., & Alupo, B. A. (2018). Women in politics in Kenya: an analysis of participation and barriers. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 7(1), 1506-1530.
  • Powley, E. (2017). Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families: The State of the World’s Children 2007 Background Paper. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2006.
  • Powley, E., & Anderlini, S. N. (2003). Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwancia’s Transition.
  • Reingold, B. (2008). Women as office holders: Linking descriptive and substantive representation. Political women and American democracy, 9, 128-47.
  • Sawadogo-Lewis, T., Cane, R. M., Morgan, R., Qiu, M., Magaço, A., Ngale, K., & Roberton, T. (2018). Reaching substantive female representation among decision-makers: A qualitative research study of gender-related experiences from the health sector in Mozambique. PloS one, 13(11), e0207225.
  • Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2006). Still supermadres? Gender and the policy priorities of Latin American legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 570-585.
  • Swers, M. (2001). Research on Women in Legislatures: What Have We Learned Where Are We Going?. Women & Politics, 23(1-2), 167-185.
  • Tamerius, K. L., Duerst-Lahti, G., & Kelly, R. M. (1995). Gender Power, Leadership, and Governance.
  • Taylor, C., & as Terror, C. S. (2002). The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, 2, 137.
  • Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Rwanda’s Women and Children: The Long Road to Reconciliation (New York: Women’s Commission, (1997) 6.
  • Zetterberg, P. (2008). The downside of gender quotas? Institutional constraints on women in Mexican state legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442-460.

SAHRAALTI AFRİKA PARLEMENTOSU’NDA KADIN TEMSİLİ: RUANDA VE KENYA VAKASI

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 171 - 187, 31.12.2019

Öz

Öz
Kadınların politik ve ekonomik aktivitelerden soyutlanması, dünya genelinde bir tartışma konusu haline geldi.
Birçok ülke bağımsızlık konusunda yol katetmesine ragmen, Afrika’daki kadınlar hala erkeklerin egemen olduğu
alanlarda politik hakları konusunda sorunlarla yüzleşiyor. Bu kısmen, kadınları karar alma süreçlerinden erkekler
lehine uzaklaştıran toplumsal yapılardan kaynaklanıyor. Diğer yandan; eğitime erişim, feminizmin ortaya çıkışı,
kıtada meydana gelen çatışmalar gibi değişimler Afrika’daki kadınların karar alma süreçlerinde giderek daha
fazla yer aldığını göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, bu makale Ruanda ve Kenya’daki parlementoda kadınların katılımını
ve katılımın tarihsel gelişimini, bu gelişmeleri kolaylaştıran faktörleri, kadın milletvekillerinin mevzuattaki etkisini
ve kadınları engellemeye devam eden zorlukları inceleyerek parlamentodaki kadın temsillerini ve Ruanda ve
Kenya’daki katılımı araştırmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar ışığında, kadın milletvekillerinin özellikle toplumdaki
savunmasız grupların gelişimi ve korunması konusunda önemli bir rol oynadıkları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, P., & Rwica, J. (2014). End-of-Line Evaluation of ‘Beyond Raising Awareness: Shifting the Power Balance to Enable Women to Access Land in Rwanda’.
  • Barton, C. (2005). Where to for Women’s Movements and the MDGs?. Gender & Development, 13(1), 25-34.
  • Beckwith, K., & Cowell-Meyers, K. (2007). Sheer numbers: Critical representation thresholds and women’s political representation. Perspectives on politics, 5(3), 553-565.
  • Biegon, J. (Ed.). (2016). Gender and Political Processes in Kenya. Nairobi: Strathmore University.
  • Bratton, K. A., & Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science, 428-437.
  • Carroll, S. J. (Ed.). (2001). The impact of women in public office. Indiana University Press.
  • Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2006). Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 522-530.
  • Cowell-Meyers, K. (2001). Gender, power, and peace: A preliminary look at women in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Women & Politics, 23(3), 57-90.
  • Cowley, P., & Childs, S. (2003). Too spineless to rebel? New Labour’s women MPs. British Journal of Political Science, 33(3), 345-365.
  • Devlin, C., & Elgie, R. (2008). The effect of increased women’s representation in parliament: The case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237-254.
  • Duflo, E., & Chattopadhyay, R. (2016). Women as policy makers: Evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India (No. id: 8795).
  • Dodson, D. L. (1991). Reshaping the agenda: Women in state legislatures. Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
  • Drude Dahlerup, (1998) “Using Quotas to Increase Women’s Political Representation,” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, ed. Azza Karam. (Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 96.
  • Foulds, K. (2014). Buzzwords at play: gender, education, and political participation in Kenya. Gender and Education, 26(6), 653-671.
  • Franceschet, S., & Piscopo, J. M. (2008). Gender quotas and women’s substantive representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 393-425.
  • Ghai, Y. P., & McAuslan, P. (1970). Public law and political change in Kenya: A study of the legal framework of government from colonial times to the present. Oxford University Press.
  • Grey, S. (2002). Does size matter? Critical mass and New Zealand’s Women MP.
  • Hughes, R., & Mwiria, K. (1989). Kenyan women, higher education and the labour market. Comparative Education, 25(2), 179-195.
  • Inter-parliamentary Union. (1995). Women in parliaments, 1945-1995: a world statistical survey (No. 23). Inter-Parliamentary Union.
  • Kabeer, N. (2015). Gender, poverty, and inequality: a brief history of feminist contributions in the field of international development. Gender & Development, 23(2), 189-205.
  • Kamau, N. (2010). Women and political leadership in Kenya. Berlin: Heinrich BollStiftung. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  • Kathlene, L. (1995). Position power versus gender power: Who holds the floor?. Gender power, leadership, and governance, 167-94.
  • Kenyan Government (2010). The constitution of Kenya. Government Printer, Nairobi: Kenyan Publishers.
  • Kiragu, J. (2006). Is there a Women’s Movement?’. J. Muteshi, Mapping Best Practices: Promoting Gender Equality and the Advancement of Kenyan Women, Heinrich Böll Foundation, East and Horn of Africa Region.
  • Kisaka, M. O., & Nyadera, I. N. (2019). Ethnicity and Politics in Kenya’s Turbulent Path to Democracy and Development. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 76 (2), 159-180.
  • Lampman, J. (2001). Women Lead in Effort to Rebuild Rwanda. Christian Science Monitor, 15.
  • Longman, T. (2006). Rwanda: achieving equality or serving an authoritarian state?. Rwanda’s Female Parliamentarians’ in. G. Bauer and H.E. Britton (eds) 2006, Women in African Parliaments, Lynne Rienner, pp. 133–50
  • Mackay, F. (2008). ‘Thick’conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender and political institutions. Representation, 44(2), 125-139.
  • Mackay, F. (1996). The zero-tolerance campaign: setting the agenda. Parliamentary Affairs, 49(1), 206-221.
  • Malik, S., & Courtney, K. (2011). Higher education and women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Gender and Education, 23(1), 29-45.
  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent” yes”. The Journal of politics, 61(3), 628-657.
  • Milligan, L. (2014). ‘They are not serious like the boys’: gender norms and contradictions for girls in rural Kenya. Gender and Education, 26(5), 465-476.
  • Musandu, P. (2009). Drawing from the Wells of Culture: Grace Onyango and the Kenyan Political Scene (1964-1983). Wagadu Volume 6 Journal of International Women’s Studies Volume 10: 1, 108.
  • Nthiiri, G. (2014). The Contribution of The Kenya Women Parliamentary Association In Strengthening Democracy In Kenya (Doctoral Dissertation, University Of Nairobi).
  • Nyadera, I.N., (2018). South Sudan conflict from 2013 to 2018: Rethinking the causes, situation and solutions. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 18(2), pp.59-86.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Agwanda, B. (2019). The Emergence and Evolution of Populism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Party Politics and Personalities. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 76-91.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Kisaka, M. O. (2019). The Role Of Gender And Women In Political Institutions In Africa: A Case Of Political Parties. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(1), 124-144.
  • Opoku, M. P., Anyango, B., & Alupo, B. A. (2018). Women in politics in Kenya: an analysis of participation and barriers. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 7(1), 1506-1530.
  • Powley, E. (2017). Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families: The State of the World’s Children 2007 Background Paper. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2006.
  • Powley, E., & Anderlini, S. N. (2003). Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwancia’s Transition.
  • Reingold, B. (2008). Women as office holders: Linking descriptive and substantive representation. Political women and American democracy, 9, 128-47.
  • Sawadogo-Lewis, T., Cane, R. M., Morgan, R., Qiu, M., Magaço, A., Ngale, K., & Roberton, T. (2018). Reaching substantive female representation among decision-makers: A qualitative research study of gender-related experiences from the health sector in Mozambique. PloS one, 13(11), e0207225.
  • Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2006). Still supermadres? Gender and the policy priorities of Latin American legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 570-585.
  • Swers, M. (2001). Research on Women in Legislatures: What Have We Learned Where Are We Going?. Women & Politics, 23(1-2), 167-185.
  • Tamerius, K. L., Duerst-Lahti, G., & Kelly, R. M. (1995). Gender Power, Leadership, and Governance.
  • Taylor, C., & as Terror, C. S. (2002). The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, 2, 137.
  • Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Rwanda’s Women and Children: The Long Road to Reconciliation (New York: Women’s Commission, (1997) 6.
  • Zetterberg, P. (2008). The downside of gender quotas? Institutional constraints on women in Mexican state legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442-460.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Prudence Laure Ndınga Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5653-7403

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ndınga, P. L. (2019). WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: CASE STUDY OF RWANDA AND KENYA. Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 171-187.