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John Cheever’ın “The Swimmer” Öyküsünde Risk Toplumu Alegorisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 359 - 370, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1535083

Öz

Bu makale, Ulrich Beck’in “risk toplumu” kavramının, özellikle belirsizlik, felaket ve risk gibi temaları ele alan edebi metinleri yorumlamak için yeni bir çerçeve sunduğunu öne sürmektedir. Beck’in teorisi, geleneksel toplumlardan modern ve sanayi sonrası toplumlara geçişi, risk, tehlike ve felaket algıları temelinde ele alır. Bu çalışma, endüstriyel toplumdan geç modern topluma geçişin izlerini kaydeden bir eser olarak John Cheever’ın 1964 tarihli çığır açıcı kısa öyküsü “The Swimmer”ı incelemektedir. Beck’in çalışmaları sosyolojide önemli etkiler bırakmış ancak sınırlı sayıdaki iklim değişikliği, çevresel yıkım ve nükleer felaket anlatısı dışında edebiyat incelemelerinde yeterince kullanılmamıştır. Cheever’ın anlatısı, bu makalede, ana karakteri Neddy Merrill’in gerçeküstü ve okurda yön kaybı deneyimi oluşturan yolculuğu üzerinden 1960’larda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde risk toplumunun yükselişini gösteren bir alegori olarak değerlendirilmektedir. “The Swimmer” Amerikan rüyasının ve müreffeh banliyö yaşamının varoluşsal çöküntüsünün bir eleştirisi olarak analiz edilmekte, ana karakterin banliyö havuzlarında yaptığı sıra dışı yolculuk ise endüstriyel modernitenin nispeten öngörülebilir, düzenli dünyasından sanayi sonrası toplumun karmaşık ve istikrarsız koşullarına geçişin bir simgesi olarak okunmaktadır. Bu makale, bahsi geçen kısa öyküsünde Cheever’ın bir dönemin güvensizliğe, yabancılaşmaya ve riske dair artan toplumsal bilincini başarıyla yansıttığını iddia etmektedir. Bu yönüyle mevcut çalışma, Cheever’ın öyküsü üzerine yapılan sınırlı akademik tartışmalara bir katkıda bulunmakta, edebiyat ile sosyolojik teori arasındaki kesişime dair yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Auser, C. P. (1967). John Cheever’s myth of man and time: “The Swimmer.” CEA Critic, 29(6), 18-19.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Beck, U. (1994). Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society. Economy and Society, 35(3), 329-345.
  • Beck, U. (2009). World at risk (C. Cronin, Trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bell, L. C. (1987). “The Swimmer”: A midsummer’s nightmare. Studies in Short Fiction, 24(4), 433-436.
  • Bloom, H. (2001). Bloom’s major short story writers: John Cheever. Philadelphia: Chelsea House.
  • Blythe, H. (1984). Perverted sacraments in John Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 21(4), 393-394.
  • Blythe, H. and Sweet C. (1989). An historical allusion in Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 26, 557-559.
  • Blythe, H. and Sweet C. (1992). Cheever’s dark knight of the soul: The failed quest of Neddy Merrill. Studies in Short Fiction, 29(3), 347-352.
  • Bowers, T. (2007). John Cheever’s mock-epic: “The Swimmer,” the “Odyssey,” and America’s pursuit of happiness. CEA Critic, 70(1), 17-34.
  • Byrne, M. D. (1986). The river of names in “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 23(3), 326-327.
  • Cheever, J. (2009). John Cheever: Collected stories & other writings. New York: The Library of America.
  • Chilton, M. (2015, 15 October). John Cheever: “the Chekhov of the suburbs.” The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/john-cheever-master-of-the-short-story/
  • Foderaro, L. W. (2014, July 21). Home of Cheever, Chekhov of the suburbs, is for sale. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/nyregion/home-of-cheever-chekhov-of-the-suburbs-is-for-sale.html
  • Kozikowski, S. J. (1993). Damned in a fair life: Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 30, 367-375.
  • İşçi, V. (2023). A critical study on John Cheever’s The Swimmer within the context of narrative theories. Edebî Eleştiri Dergisi, 7(1), 29-37. doi:10.31465/eeder.1125171
  • Riley, K. (1983). John Cheever and the limitations of fantasy. CEA Critic, 45(3/4), 21-26.
  • Rossi, I. (2014). Reflexive modernization. H.G. Brauch (Ed.), in Ulrich Beck: Pioneer in cosmopolitan sociology and risk society (pp. 59-64). Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04990-8.
  • Slabey, R. M. (1982). John Cheever: The “swimming” of America. R.G. Collins (Ed.), in Critical essays on John Cheever (pp. 180-190). Boston: G.K. Hall.
  • Sorensen, M. P. and Christiansen A. (2013). Ulrich Beck: An introduction to the theory of second modernity and the risk society. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Wimmer, J. and Quandt, T. (2007). Living in the risk society: An interview with Ulrich Beck. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 336-347. doi:10.1080/14616700600645461.

Allegory of Risk Society in John Cheever’s “The Swimmer”

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 359 - 370, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1535083

Öz

This article suggests that Ulrich Beck’s concept of the “risk society” provides a novel framework for interpreting literary texts, especially those dealing with themes such as uncertainty, disaster, and risk. Beck’s theory delineates the transition from traditional to modern and postindustrial societies based on their perceptions of risk, hazard, and disaster, and this study focuses on John Cheever’s seminal 1964 short story “The Swimmer” as it registers the historical shift from industrial to late-modern society. Beck’s work has been influential in sociology but underutilized in literary studies, except for a limited number of narratives on climate change, environmental degradation, and nuclear disaster. Cheever’s narrative, through the surreal and disorienting journey of its protagonist Neddy Merrill, is positioned in this article as an allegory of the rise of the risk society in the United States of America of the 1960s. “The Swimmer” is analyzed as a critique of the American dream and the existential decadence of affluent suburban life, where the protagonist’s journey through suburban pools symbolizes a broader transition from the relatively predictable, orderly world of industrial modernity to the complex, unstable conditions of postindustrial society. The article argues that Cheever successfully captures the social consciousness of a period marked by growing awareness of insecurity, alienation, and risk. This interpretation contributes to the limited scholarly discourse on Cheever’s story and offers a new perspective on the intersection of literature and sociological theories.

Kaynakça

  • Auser, C. P. (1967). John Cheever’s myth of man and time: “The Swimmer.” CEA Critic, 29(6), 18-19.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Beck, U. (1994). Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society. Economy and Society, 35(3), 329-345.
  • Beck, U. (2009). World at risk (C. Cronin, Trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bell, L. C. (1987). “The Swimmer”: A midsummer’s nightmare. Studies in Short Fiction, 24(4), 433-436.
  • Bloom, H. (2001). Bloom’s major short story writers: John Cheever. Philadelphia: Chelsea House.
  • Blythe, H. (1984). Perverted sacraments in John Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 21(4), 393-394.
  • Blythe, H. and Sweet C. (1989). An historical allusion in Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 26, 557-559.
  • Blythe, H. and Sweet C. (1992). Cheever’s dark knight of the soul: The failed quest of Neddy Merrill. Studies in Short Fiction, 29(3), 347-352.
  • Bowers, T. (2007). John Cheever’s mock-epic: “The Swimmer,” the “Odyssey,” and America’s pursuit of happiness. CEA Critic, 70(1), 17-34.
  • Byrne, M. D. (1986). The river of names in “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 23(3), 326-327.
  • Cheever, J. (2009). John Cheever: Collected stories & other writings. New York: The Library of America.
  • Chilton, M. (2015, 15 October). John Cheever: “the Chekhov of the suburbs.” The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/john-cheever-master-of-the-short-story/
  • Foderaro, L. W. (2014, July 21). Home of Cheever, Chekhov of the suburbs, is for sale. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/nyregion/home-of-cheever-chekhov-of-the-suburbs-is-for-sale.html
  • Kozikowski, S. J. (1993). Damned in a fair life: Cheever’s “The Swimmer.” Studies in Short Fiction, 30, 367-375.
  • İşçi, V. (2023). A critical study on John Cheever’s The Swimmer within the context of narrative theories. Edebî Eleştiri Dergisi, 7(1), 29-37. doi:10.31465/eeder.1125171
  • Riley, K. (1983). John Cheever and the limitations of fantasy. CEA Critic, 45(3/4), 21-26.
  • Rossi, I. (2014). Reflexive modernization. H.G. Brauch (Ed.), in Ulrich Beck: Pioneer in cosmopolitan sociology and risk society (pp. 59-64). Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04990-8.
  • Slabey, R. M. (1982). John Cheever: The “swimming” of America. R.G. Collins (Ed.), in Critical essays on John Cheever (pp. 180-190). Boston: G.K. Hall.
  • Sorensen, M. P. and Christiansen A. (2013). Ulrich Beck: An introduction to the theory of second modernity and the risk society. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Wimmer, J. and Quandt, T. (2007). Living in the risk society: An interview with Ulrich Beck. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 336-347. doi:10.1080/14616700600645461.
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Edebiyat Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serhat Uyurkulak 0000-0002-7717-5402

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uyurkulak, S. (2025). Allegory of Risk Society in John Cheever’s “The Swimmer”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 359-370. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1535083