BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE CASE OF THE UK BEHAVIOURAL INSIGHTS TEAM

Yıl 2024, , 111 - 135, 18.03.2024

Elmas Yelkesen , Hatice Duygu Bankoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1166292

Öz

In the 20th century, as an effort to understand people, a new approach has been initiated in public administration where its roots are based on the behavioural approach. Recently, this approach has come to the fore again as it proposes that the use of psychological concepts in public administration provides practitioners with useful benefits. Studies on this field has been pursued on the axis of “behavioural insights” with administrative practices to observe, measure, and direct human behaviors and attitudes. In this study, the nexus between behavioural insights and public administration has been discussed by considering the historical development of the behavioural approach in the field. Besides, the “Behavioural Insights Team (BIT)” has been analyzed as the first exercise of behavioural insights. The study aims to answer how behavioural insights become noticeable based on the team’s establishment, practices, and transformation. After all, it has been concluded that government’s guidance in the use of insights has changed as the team underwent a transformation from its establishment in cabinet office and to becoming a limited company in partnership with the UK government in 2014, and finally turning into a sole association as the UK withdrew from the team’s partnership as of 2021.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Behavioural Sciences, Behavioural Approach, Psychology, Behavioural Public Administration, Behavioural Insights Team

KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE DAVRANIŞSAL YAKLAŞIM VE BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK DAVRANIŞSAL İÇGÖRÜLER EKİBİ ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Kamu yönetimi alanında insanı anlama çabası, davranışsal yaklaşımın kuramsal temelinin atıldığı 20. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Günümüzde bu yaklaşım kamu yönetiminde psikolojik bakış açısını kullanmanın politika uygulayıcılarına pratik fayda sağladığı düşüncesiyle tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Kamu yönetimi alanında bu konudaki çalışmalar insan davranışlarını ve tutumlarını gözlemleyebilmek, ölçebilmek ve yönlendirebilmek amacıyla yapılan yönetsel uygulamalarla “davranışsal içgörüler” ekseninde sürdürülmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada davranışsal içgörülerin kamu yönetimi alanıyla ilişkisi davranışsal yaklaşımın alandaki tarihsel gelişimi üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada davranışsal içgörülerin kamu yönetiminde ilk uygulama birimi olan “Davranışsal İçgörüler Ekibi (Behavioural Insights Team)” örnek olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma bu ilişkide ekibin kuruluşu, uygulamaları ve dönüşümü esas alınarak davranışsal içgörülerin nasıl görünür hale
geldiği sorusunu cevaplamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ekibin kabine ofisinin bir alt birimi olarak örgütlenmesi, 2014’te ise alt birim olmaktan çıkıp şirketleşmesi dikkat çekicidir. Ancak Birleşik Krallık ekibin ortaklığını 2021’e kadar devam ettirmiştir. Ekibin geçirmiş olduğu bu değişimler içgörülerin kullanımında devletin yönlendiriciliğinin değiştiği sonucunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Davranış bilimleri, Davranışsal yaklaşım, Psikoloji, Davranışsal kamu yönetimi, Davranışsal içgörüler ekibi

Kaynakça

• Afif, Zeina Islan, William Wade Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar Dalton ve Abigail Goodnow (2018), “Behavioral Science Around the World: Profiles of 10 Countries”, eMBeD Brief, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/710771543609067500/Behavioral-Science-Around-the-World-Profiles-of-10-Countries (02.03.2022).
• Akdoğan, Akif Argun (2020), “Türkiye’de İşletmeci Kamu Politikalarının Tarumarı”, Çiner, Can Umut (Der.), Türkiye’de Kamu Politikaları: Güncel Konular ve Eğilimler (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi): 49-83.
• Akın Yalçın, Yeşim (2020), “Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Psikoloji Disiplini: İdarede Beşerî İlişkilerden Yönetim Psikolojisine”, Memleket Siyaset Yönetim (MSY), 15(33): 35-60.
• Ayman Güler, Birgül (2013), Kamu Personeli: Sistem ve Yönetim (Ankara: İmge Kitabevi).
• Battaglio, R. Paul, Jr., Paolo Belardinelli, Nicola Bellé ve Paola Cantarelli (2019), “Behavioral Public Administration Ad Fontes: A Synthesis of Research on Bounded Rationality, Cognitive Biases, and Nudging in Public Organizations”, Public Administration Review, 79(3): 304-320.
• Bertelli, Anthony M. ve Norma M. Riccucci, (2022), “What is Behavioral Public Administration Good for?”, Public Administration Review, 82(1): 179-183.
• Bhanot, Syon P. ve Elizabeth Linos (2020), “Behavioral Public Administration: Past, Present, and Future”, Public Administration Review, 80(1): 168-71.
• BIT (2011), “Better Choices: Better Deals”, https://www.bi.team/publications/better-choices-better-deals-behavioural-insights-team-paper/(13.03.2022).
• BIT (2013), “Applying Behavioural Insights to Organ Donation: Preliminary Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial”, https://www.bi.team/publications/applying-behavioural-insights-to-organ-donation/ (13.03.2022).
• BIT (2014), “Reducing Mobile Phone Theft and Improving Security”, https://www.bi.team/publications/reducing-mobile-phone-theft-and-improving-security/ (12.03.2022).
• BIT (2022a), “Who We are”, https://www.bi.team/about-us-2/who-we-are/(12.03.2022).
• BIT (2022b), https://www.bi.team/( 12.03.2022).
• Broughton, Nida, Lis Costa, David Halpern, Johannes Lohmann, Richard O’Brien, Pantelis Solomon, Stefanie Schultheis, Natalia Shakhina ve Hubert Wu, “The Behavioural Economy: A 10 Point Plan to Upgrade Economic Policy”, https://www.bi.team/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Behavioural-Economy-1.pdf (14.08.2022).
• Camerer, Colin F. ve George Loewenstein (2004), “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future”, Advances in Behavioral Economics, (1): 3-51.
• Carrigan, Christopher, Sanjay K. Pandey ve Gregg G. Van Ryzin (2020), “Pursuing Consilience: Using Behavioral Public Administration to Connect Research On Bureaucratic Red Tape, Administrative Burden, and Regulation”, Public Administration Review, 80(1): 46-52.
• Çiner, Can Umut (2021), “Kamu Yönetimi Bilimi: Dün, Bugün, Yarın”, Çiner, Can Umut (Der.), Yönetim Bilimini Yeniden Düşünmek: Durum Değerlendirmesi (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Yayınları): 1-36.
• Dahl, Robert A. (1947), “The Science of Public Administration: Three Problems”, Public Administration Review, 7(1): 1-11.
• Dikmen, Ahmet Alpay (2013), Makine İş Kapitalizm ve İnsan (Ankara: Pratika Yayınları).
• Dolan, Paul, Michael Hallsworth, David Halpern, Dominic King ve Ivo Vlaev (2010), “MINDSPACE: Influencing Behaviour for Public Policy”, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/MINDSPACE.pdf (08.08.2022).
• Eroğul, Cem (2000), Anatüzeye Giriş: Anayasa Hukukuna Giriş (Ankara: İmaj Yayınları).
• Fişek, Kurthan (2012), Yönetim (Ankara: Kilit Yayınları).
• Foster, Peter (2021), “UK Government to Boost Investment in ‘Nudge Unit’ by Selling Stake”, https://www.ft.com/content/decdbe01-4c8a-4a16-af39-09d158fd3a37 (12.03.2022).
• Fukuyama, Francis (2004), State Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Ithac, New York: Cornell University Press).
• Furnham, Adrian (2005), The Psychology of Behavior at Work: The Individual in The Organization (Newyork: Taylor & Francis Psychology Press).
• Gigerenzer, Gerd (2015), “On the Supposed Evidence for Libertarian Paternalism”, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 6(3): 361-383.
• Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan, Sebastian Jilke, Asmus L. Olsen ve Lars Tummers (2017), “Behavioral Public Administration: Combining Insights From Public Administration and Psychology”, Public Administration Review, 77(1): 45-56.
• Hallsworth, Michael, Dan Berry, Michael Sanders, Anna Sallis, Dominic King, Ivo Vlaev ve Ara Darzi (2015), “Stating Appointment Costs in SMS Reminders Reduces Missed Hospital Appointments: Findings from Two Randomised Controlled Trials”, PLOS ONE, 10(10): e0141461, https://www.bi.team/publications/stating-appointment-costs-in-sms-reminders-reduces-missed-hospital-appointments-findings-from-two-randomised-controlled-trials/ (10.03.2022).
• Hallsworth, Michael ve Elspeth Kirkman (2020), Behavioral Insights (Cambridge, Massaachusetts: The MIT Press). Halpern, David (2015), Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a Big Difference (UK: Penguin Random House).
• Halpern, David ve Hugo Harper (2020), “Behavioural Insights, the WHO and COVID-19”, https://www.bi.team/blogs/behavioural-insights-the-who-and-covid-19/ (04.08.2022).
• Halpern, David (2022), “Behavioural Science or Bullshit?”, https://www.bi.team/blogs/behavioural-science-or-bullshit/ (19.03.2022).
• Hassan, Shahidul ve Bradley E. Wright (2020), “The Behavioral Public Administration Movement: A Critical Reflection”, Public Administration Review, 80(1): 163-167.
• Hatipoğlu, Yıldız Zeliha (2012), “Davranışsal İktisat: Bilişsel Psikoloji ile Krizi Anlamak” , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289999508_full_article_of_the_conference-davranissal_iktisatbilissel_psikoloji_ile_krizi_anlamakbehavioral_economicsunderstanding_the_crisis_with_congitive_w_psychology(12.03.2022).
• Haynes, Laura, Owain Service, Ben Goldacre ve David Torgerson (2013), “Test, Learn, Adapt: Developing Public Policy with Randomised Controlled Trials”, https://www.bi.team/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TLA-1906126.pdf (15.03.2022).
• John, Peter, Sarah Cotterill, Alice Moseley, Liz Richardson, Graham Smith, Gerry Stoker ve Corinne Wales (2011), Nudge, Nudge, Think, Think: Experimenting with Ways to Change Civic Behaviour (London: Bloomsbury Academic). John, Peter (2018), How Far to Nudge? Assessing Behavioural Public Policy, New Horizons in Public Policy (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing).
• Karasu, Koray (2009), “İngiltere’de Kamu Yönetimi”, Ayman Güler, Birgül (Der.), Kamu Yönetimi: Ülke İncelemeleri (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi): 169-313.
• Kuşseven, Ayça ve Mete Yıldız (2022), “Emergence & Development of Behavioral Public Policy Units in Government: The Case of Turkey”, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 44(1): 66-80.
• Moynihan, Donald P. (2018), “A Great Schism Approaching? Towards a Micro and Macro Public Administration”, Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 1(1): 1-8.
• Nicks, Leonie, Filip Gesiarz, Tim Hardy ve Hannah Burd (2021), “How Many Days Should We Work from Home? What Works to Improve Gender Equality”, https://www.bi.team/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DES-report.pdf (10.03.2022).
• OECD (2017), “Behavioural Insights and Public Policy: Lessons from Around the World”, https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/behavioural-insights-and-public-policy-9789264270480-en.htm (12.03.2022).
• OECD (2018), “Making a Real Difference, Nudging for Policy Change Key Messages & Summary”, https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/Behavioural-Insights-Conference-in-South-Africa-Summary-and-key-messages.pdf (12.03.2022).
• OECD (2019), “Tools and Ethics for Applied Behavioural Insights: The BASIC Toolkit”, https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/tools-and-ethics-for-applied-behavioural-insights-the-basic-toolkit-9ea76a8f-en.htm (05.08.2022).
• OECD (2022), “Behavioral Insights”, https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/behavioural-insights.htm (5.08.2022).
• Oliver, Adam, (2019), “Towards a New Political Economy of Behavioral Public Policy”, Public Administration Review, 79(6): 917-924.
• Övgün, Barış ve Özge Kantaş (2017), “Kamu Yönetimi Reformunun Psikolojik Süreci ve İnsan Unsuru”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (26): 313-326.
• Simon, Herbert A. (1990), “Bounded Rationality”, Eatwell, John, Murray Milgate ve Peter Newman (Der.), Utility and Probability (London: The New Palgrave. Palgrave Macmillan): 15-18.
• Simon, Herbert A. (1997), Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (New York: Free Press).
• Sunstein, Cass R. (2016), The Ethics of Influence Government in The Age of Behavioral Science (Newyork: Cambridge University Press).
• Thaler, Richard H. ve Cass R. Sunstein (2008), Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, And Happiness (Yale New Haven & London: University Press).
• Tummers, Lars G. (2019), “Behavioral Public Administration”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336669076_Behavioral_Public_Administration (12.03.2022).
• Yılmaz, Volkan ve Cemre Canbazer (2020), “Kamu Politikalarına Davranışsal Yaklaşım ve Türkiye’ye Yansımaları”, Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4): 1827-1854.
• Waldo, Dwight (1968), “Public Administration”, The Journal of Politics, 30(2): 443-479.
• Wilson, Dave, Fionnuala O’Reilly ve Alice Farrell (2021), “Supporting Students through the Pandemic: A Practical Guide to Mental Wellbeing for Sixth Form Colleges”, https://www.bi.team/publications/supporting-students-through-the-pandemic/ (15.03.2022).
• World Bank (2015), “World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2015 (22.08.2022).
• Wren, Daniel A. ve Arthur G. Bedeian (2009), The Evolution of Management Thought (USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).