The European Green Deal in Terms of Impacts on International Trade

Öz

Environment and climate change in the world gained importance at the end of the 20th century and the cooperation of countries in this area gradually increased. Especially the framework protocols signed under the umbrella of the United Nations (UN) made the subject a remarkable area in the international arena. The European Union (EU) became the first actor in the world to take concrete steps in this field with the European Green Deal. The Green Deal has introduced new regulations in a wide range of policy areas. The behaviors adopted by the EU, which maintains its role as a normative power in the international arena, draws paths that include behavioral patterns as implemented. The field of environment and climate change is also an area where the EU is active at the global level, and the effects of the determined rules expected to be seen at the global level. At this point, the trade relations will be a significant channel in the dissemination of the understanding and rules adopted by the EU. The fact that the EU has put provisions on the subject in the preferential trade agreements it has signed is the most substantial indicator of this situation

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Green Deal
• Environment
• Climate change
• Normative power
• Trade relations

Uluslararası Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkileri Açısından Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı

Öz

Dünyada çevre ve iklim değişikliği konusu 20. yüzyılın sonlarında önem kazanmış ve ülkelerin bu alandaki işbirlikleri giderek artırmıştır. Özellikle Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) çatısı altında imzalanan çerçeve protokoller konuya ilgiyi artırmış ve konuyu uluslararası alanda dikkat çekici bir alan haline getirmiştir. Bu süreçte, Avrupa Birliği (AB) aktif rol oynamış ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ile dünyada bu alanda somut adımlar atan ilk aktör olmuştur. Yeşil Mutabakat, AB için çok geniş bir politika alanında yeni düzenlemeler getirmiş ve konuya ilişkin tüm alanlarda standartların yeniden belirlenmesine neden olacak bir çerçeve düzenleme teşkil etmiştir. Uluslararası alanda bir normatif güç olma rolünü koruyan AB’nin benimsediği davranışlar, uygulandıkça davranış kalıplarını içeren yollar çizmektedir. Çevre ve iklim değişikliği alanı da AB’nin küresel düzeyde etkin olduğu bir alandır ve belirlenen kuralların etkilerinin küresel düzeyde görülmesi beklenmektedir. Bu noktada AB’nin kurduğu ticari ilişkiler, benimsenen anlayış ve kuralların yayılmasında önemli bir kanal olacaktır. AB’nin imzaladığı tercihli ticaret anlaşmalarına konuya ilişkin hükümler koyması bu durumun en önemli göstergesi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı
• Çevre
• İklim değişikliği
• Normatif güç
• Ticari ilişkiler

Kaynakça

1. Baysal, Başar and Karakaş, Uluç (2017) “Climate Change and Security: Different Perceptions, Different Approaches Climate”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Özel Sayı: Paris İklim Zirvesi ve Yansımaları, 14(54): 21-44.
2. Brauch, Hans G. (2012), “Güvenliğin Yeniden Kavramsallaştırılması: Barış, Güvenlik, Kalkınma ve Çevre Kavramsal Dörtlüsü,” Uluslararası İlişkilerde Çatışmadan Güvenliğe, Mustafa Aydın, Hans Günter Brauch, Necati Polat, Mitat Celikpala, Ursula Oswald Spring (Ed.), (Istanbul, Istanbul Bilgi University Press): 167-196.
3. Bradford, Anu (2019), The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules The World, New York, Oxford University Press.
4. Dalby, Simon (2008), “Güvenlik ve Çevre Bağlantılarına Yeniden Bakmak,” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Özel Sayı: Güvenlik, 5(18): 179-195.
5. De Lombaerde, Philippe and Kingah, Stephen (2014), “Introduction: EU Free Trade Agreements and Constitutional Rights ,” European Law Journal, EULJ2100.
6. EU General Secretariat (2011), “EU Treaty and Treaty on the Functioning of the EU”, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf (December,19 2020).
7. EU Official Journal (Eurolex) (2010), “Growth and World Affairs trade Policy As A Core Component of The EU's 2020 Strategy (From the commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economics And The social committee and the Committee of the Regions Trade)”, COM(2010) 612 final (Brussels).
8. EU Official Journal (Eurolex), “The European Green Deal (Communication From the Commission)”, COM(2019) 640 final, (Brussels).

9. European Commission (2019), “EU As A Global Leader: The European Green Deal,” (Brussels).
10. European Commission (2020a), “EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement Text”, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/eu-japan-economic-partnership agreement/ (December,20 2020).
11. European Commission (2020b), “A European Green Deal”, https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/ priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (December 10, 2020).
12. European Commission (2020c), “EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement Text”, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=961 (December,20 2020).
13. European Commission, “EU Trade Policy and Sustainable Development”, https://ec.europa.eu/ trade/policy/policy-making/sustainable-development/#_environmental-protection (February 17, 2021).
14. European Commission (2006), “Global Europe: Competing Of The World: A Contribution to the EU's Growth and Jobs Strategy (Communication From the commission to the Council, The European Parliament, The European Economics and the Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions)”, COM(2006) 567 final (Brussels).
15. European Commission, “REPowerEU: affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe,” https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable energy-europe_en (March, 2023).
16. European Commission (2022), “REPower the EU by engaging with energy partners in a changing world,” Factsheet on the International Energy Strategy, Brussels.
17. European Commission, “Von Der Leyen Commission: One Year On (1 December 2019 - 1 December 2020),” https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/timeline_first_year_of_vdl_ commission_ en.pdf (December 15, 2020).
18. EU Report (2016), “Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe: A Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign And Security Policy” (Luxembourg: EU Publication Office).
19. Hey, Christian (2007), “EU Environmental Policies: A short history of the policy strategies,” EU Environmental Policy Handbook: A Critical Analysis of EU Environmental Legislation, European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
20. Lamy, Pascal, Pons, Genevieve and Leturcq, Pierre (2020a), “Greening EU Trade 3: A European border carbon Adjustment Proposal ,” Notre Europa Jacques Delors Institute policy Paper, Accessed December 20, 2020, https://institutdelors.eu/wp content/uploads/2020/ 06/PP_200603_Greeningtrade3 _Lamy-Pons-Leturcq_EN-1.pdf .
21. Lamy, Pascal, Pons, Genevieve and Leturcq, Pierre (2020b), “ Greening EU Trade 4: How to ' green ' trade agreements ?”, Notre Europa jacques Delors Institute policy paper, https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201109_ GreeningTrade4_Lamy-et-al._EN.pdf (December 15, 2020).
22. Lamy, Pascal, Pons, Genevieve and Leturcq, Pierre (2019), “Greening the European Union's Trade Policy : The Economics Of Trade And The Environment,” Notre Europa Jacques Delors Institute Policy Paper, Issue: 245, https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/verdir-la-politique-commerciale-de-lue-2-aspects-economiques/ (December 10, 2020).
23. Manners, Ian (2002), Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction In Terms, JCMS 2002 Volume 40(2). pp. 235–258. Paterson, Matthew (2001), “Green Politics”, Theories of International Relations, Scott Burchill vd. (Ed.), (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan): 235-254.
24. Ticaret Bakanlığı (2021), Yeşil Mutabakat Eylem Planı, https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/60f1200013b876eb 28421b23/MUTABAKAT%20YE%C5%9E%C4%B0L.pdf.
25. UNFCCC (2020a), “Emission Trading,” Accessed December 12 2020, https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/emissions-trading.
26. UNFCCC (2020b), “The Paris Agreement,” Accessed December 12, 2020, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement .
27. WTO (2020a), “The Doha Mandate on Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)”, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ envir_e/envir_neg_mea_e.htm (December 21, 2020).
28. WTO (2020b) , “Goods Council Consider EU Plans for Carbon Taxes on Certain Imports”, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/ good_11jun20_ e.htm (December 10, 2020).
29. WTO (2020c), “Brexit, EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism take center stage at Market Access Committee,” https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/ mark_16nov20_ e.htm (December 10, 2020).
30. WTO (2020d), “ Future WTO environment work in the spotlight , as members report on two new initiatives”, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/envir_20nov20_e.htm (December 10, 2020).
31. Von Der Leyen, Ursula (2019), “A Union That Strives For More: My agenda for Europe- Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019-2024”, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/ beta-political/files/political-guidelines-nextcommission_en.pdf (December 10, 2020).
32. Young, Alasdair R., (2015) “The European Union as a global regulator? Context and comparison,” Journal of European Public Policy, 22(9), 1233-1252, DOI:10.1080/13501763.2015. 1046902.