A valuable regulatory instrument: the militarization of U.S. domestic affairs in the name of national security

Yıl 2013, , 17 - 43, 01.04.2013

Ekin Oyan Altuntaş

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002294

Öz

Compared to other accumulation models, the capitalist accumulation model has always been more susceptible to social uprisings because of its structural class conflicts, monopolistic and expansionist characteristics and its tendency toward systematic crises. In this context, the regulatory instruments of national security, namely, police and military forces, have functioned as “preventive” regulatory instruments to suppress social uprisings in the resilient process of hegemony (i.e., historic bloc) and the accumulation model. This paper examines how the authorization of the military and police force in American domestic affairs have been justified in the name of national security since the outset of the structural crisis of capitalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Capitalism, social uprisings, regulatory instruments, United States, national security

Yararlı Bir Düzenleme Aracı: Ulusal Güvenlik Adı Altında ABD İçişlerinin Askerileştirilmesi

Öz

Diğer birikim modelleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, kapitalist birikim modeli gerek yapısal sınıfsal çelişkilere sahip olması ve sürekli eşitsizlik üretmesi, gerek tekelci ve yayılmacı karakterinin devamlı çatışmaya yol açması gerekse de doğası gereği sistematik krizlere girmeye eğilimli olması gibi sebeplerle, toplumsal ayaklanmalara karşı daha kırılgan bir tutum sergilemiştir. Bu nedenle, birikim modelinin yapısal bir krize girmesi ve hegemonyanın (tarihsel blok) restore edilmesi süreçlerinde toplumsal ayaklanmaları bastırmak amacıyla ulusal güvenliğe bağlı “önleyici” birer düzenleme araçları olarak polis ve askeri güçler sıkça kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma, kapitalizmin yapısal krizinin ortaya çıktığı 1970’lerden itibaren Amerikan polis ve askeri güçlerinin ülke içi yetkilerinin ulusal güvenlik adı altında nasıl adım adım arttırıldığını incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kapitalizm, toplumsal ayaklanmalar, düzenleyici araçlar, ABD, ulusal güvenlik

Kaynakça

• Adler-Bell and Segal (2013), “Why NSA Surveillance Should Alarm Labor,” July 24, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15346/why_nsa_surveillance_should_alarm_labor (10.09.2013).
• Akgül, Çiğdem and Zehra Yılmaz (2012), “Virtu’dan Demokrasiye ‘Meşru’ Şiddetin Evrimi: Güvenlik-Ortadoğu ve ABD Sarmalı, Ankara University SBF Journal, 67(3): 1-32.
• Antifascist Calling (2011), “As Whistleblower Prosecutions Rise, Government Withholds Spy Doc, Fears Lawsuits against Telecom Partners,” May 15, http://antifascist-calling.blogspot.com (20.04.2011).
• APFN (2012), “FEMA Concentration Camps: Locations and Executive Orders,” http://www.apfn.org/apfn/camps1.htm (30.07.2012).
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), “Union Members_2012,” U.S. Department of Labor, January 23, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf (30.07.2013).
• Balko, Radley (2006), “Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America,” Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/balko_whitepaper_2006.pdf (22.06.2012).
• Becker, Jo and Scott Shane (2012), “Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will,” New York Times, June 20, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamasleadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html (13.08.2012).
• Brenner, Robert (1998), “The Onset of Crises,” New Left Review, May-June (229): 95–140.
• Chossudovsky, Michel (2008), “Pre-election Militarization of the North American Homeland. US Combat Troops in Iraq Repatriated to Help with Civil Unrest,” Center for Research on Globalization, September 26, http://www.globalresearch.ca/pre-election-militarization-of- the-north-american-homeland-us-combat-troops-in-iraq-repatriated-to-help-with-civilunrest/1034 (22.08.2011).
• Cole, David and Dempsey, James X. (2006), Terrorism and the Constitution, (New York: The New Press).
• Cole, David (2003), “The New McCarthyism: Repeating History in the War in Terrorism,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, (38): 1-30.
• Corbett, James (2010), “Towards Martial Law in America: Authority to Deploy Troops Domestically during ‘National Emergencies,” Center for Research on Globalization, October 27, http://www.globalresearch.ca/towards-martial-law-in-america-authority-to-deploy-troopsdomestically-during-national-emergencies (10.01.2011).
• Cohn, Candace (2013), “Working-class women's liberation and rank-and-file rebellion in steel,” International Socialist Review, June 1, http://isreview.org/issue/90/working-classwomens-liberation-and-rank-and-file-rebellion-steel (01.08.2013).
• DoD (2012), “Civil Liberties Program,” May 17, http://dpclo.defense.gov/civil/docs/DoDI_100029 _CL_instruction.pdf (20.05.2012).
• DoD (2009), “Directive 1404.10: DoD Civilian Expeditionary Workforce,” January 23, http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/140410p.pdf (10.04.2012).
• DoD (1994), “Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances-Directive 3025.12,” February 4, http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302512p.pdf (30.04.2012).
• Doyle, Charles (2001), “Terrorism: Section by Section Analysis of the USA PATRIOT Act,” CRS Report for Congress, December 10, http://epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/ RL31200.pdf (20.06.2012).
• EFF (2011), “Patterns of Misconduct: FBI Intelligence Violations from 2001-2008,” January 30, http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/01/eff-releases-report-detailing-fbi-intelligence (30.12.2011).
• Fas (1979), “Executive Order 12127- Federal Emergency Management Agency,” March 31, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12127.htm (15.08.2012).
• Fas (2010), “Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies ACT,” http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm100-19/fm100-19_1.html (20.06.2012).
• Fas (1986), “NSDD-221- Reagan Administration,” April 8, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd- 221.htm (21.07.2012).
• Felker-Kantor, Max (2012), “Race, Control, and Resistance: Community Empowerment and the Struggle against Police Repression in late-Twentieth Century Los Angeles,” http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/rwc/conferences/fourth/pdf/MaxFelker_Kantor_Paper.pd f (05.08.2013).
• Finley, Bruce (2008), “Terror Watch Uses Local Eyes 181 Trained in Colo,” Denver Post, June 29, http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_9725077 (14.03.2012).
• Foster, J.B. and McChesney R.W. (2012), “The Endless Crisis,” Monthly Review, 64(1), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/05/01/the-endless-crisis (10.08.2012).
• Frank, Robert (2007), “Plutonomics,” The Wall Street Journal, January 8, http://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2007/01/08/plutonomics (07.03.2011).
• Glick, Brian (1999), “COINTELPRO Revisited: FBI Domestic Intelligence Activities,” http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/BPP_Books/pdf/Necessary_Reading.pdf (06.08.2013): 1-23.
• Glick, Brian (1989), War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S Activists and What We Can Do About It, (Cambridge: South End Press).
• Global Security (2006), “National Defense Authorization Act for Year 2007,” May 9, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2006_rpt/s-109-254.htm (18.05.2012).
• Global security (1985), “FM-19-15 Civil Disturbances,” November 25, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/19-15/toc.htm (19.06.2012).
• Global security (1968), “Garden Plot/Conplan 2502 (Civil Disturbance Operations),” November 11, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/garden_plot.htm (21.08.2011).
• Global security (2000), “TOPOFF 1,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/index_topoff1.htm (10.08.2011).
• Goldstein, Ritt (2002), “US Planning to Recruit One in 24 Americans as Citizen Spies, Sydney Morning Herald, July 15, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/14/1026185141232. html (14.03.2012).
• Gramsci, Antonio (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (New York: International Publishers, 1971).
• Grey, Barry (2005), “Pentagon’s domestic spying operations target opponents of Iraq war,” December 15, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/12/pent-d15.html (20.08.2012).
• Headquarters Department of the Army U.S. Marine Corps (1993), “Manuel 100-19 Domestic Support Operations,” July 1, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/fm100_19.pdf (11.05.2012).
• Huntington, P.Samuel, Michel Crozier and Joji Watanuki (1975), “The Crisis of Democracy,” Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission, (New York: New York University Press): 1-213.
• Kolin, Andrew (2011), “State Power and Democracy: Before and During the Presidency of George W. Bush”, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
• Kopel, David B. (2000), “Militarized Law Enforcement: The Drug War’s Deadly Fruit,” Timothy Lynch (eds.), After Prohibition: An Adult Approach to Drug Policy, (Washington: Cato Institute, 2000): 61-88.
• Kopel David B. and Paul M. Blackman (1997), “Can Soldiers Be Peace Officers: The Waco Disaster and The Militarization of American Law Enforcement,” http://www.davekopel.com/waco/lawrev/cansoldiersbepeaceofficers.htm (10.06.2012).
• Lectric Law Library, “Habeas Corpus,” http://www.lectlaw.com/def/h001.htm (10.04.2012).
• Mayer, Gerald (2004), “Union Membership Trends in the United States,” August 21, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace /174 (05.07.2013).
• McGee, Jim (1996), “Federal Use of Wiretaps Sharply Rises Under Clinton Administration,” Los Angeles Times, July 07, http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-07/news/mn- 22018_1_clinton-administration (05.11.2012).
• Merritt, Jeralyn E. (1996), “Partisan Politics v. Bill of Rights,” The Champion, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, http://crimelynx.com/partpol.html (02.10.2012).
• Morales, Frank (2012) “The Coup of 2012: Encroachment upon Basic Freedoms, Militarized Police State in America,” Centre for Research on Globalization, June 14, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php (20.08.2012).
• Morales, Frank (2003), “Homeland Defense and the Militarization of America,” Centre for Research on Globalization, September 13, http://globalresearch.ca/articles/MOR309A.html (10.06.2012).
• Moynihan, Colin (2009), “Arrests Put Focus on Protesters’ Texting,” New York Times, October 5, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/nyregion/05txt.html (13.02.2012).
• Mullen, Mike and Tara Bannow (2010), “FBI Raids Homes of U Staff,” September 27, http://www.mndaily.com/2010/09/24/fbi-raids-student (30.04.2011).
• National Archives (1981), “Executive Order 12333-United States Intelligence Activities,” National Archives, December 4, http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executiveorder/12333.html (30.07.2012).
• PCJF (2012), “FBI Documents Reveal Secret Nationwide Occupy Monitoring,” December 22, http://www.justiceonline.org/commentary/fbi-files-ows.html#documents (05.06.2013).
• Pincus, Walter (2005), “Pentagon Expanding Its Domestic Surveillance Activity,” Washington Post, November 27, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/11/26/AR2005112600857.html (27.10.2012).
• PRC (2012), “The Lost Decade of the Middle Class: Fewer, Poorer, Gloomier,” August 22, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org (09.10.2012).
• Priest, Dana and Arkin, William M (2010) “Top Secret America: A Hidden World, Growing Beyond Control,” Washington Post, July 19, http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secretamerica/article (23.06.2011).
• Ponticelli, Jacapo, and Hans-Joachim Voth (2011), “Austerity and Anarchy: Budget Cuts and Social Unrest in Europe, 1919–2009,”Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1-28 www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP851 (05.07.2011).
• Politico (2011), “Occupy Wall Street: Ports disrupted on West Coast,” December 13, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70350.html#ixzz2fHpXmEV4 (07.10.2012).
• Ridenhour, Ron, and Lubow, Arthur (1975), “Bringing the War Home,” New Times, 5(11): 20-24.
• Rich, Morin (2012), “Rising Share of Americans See Conflict between Rich and Poor,” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org (11.10.2012).
• Roland, Allen L. (2004), “REX 84 and FEMA,” September 3, http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/FEMA-Concentration-Camps3sep04.htm (12.05.2012).
• Scott, Peter D. (2010), “Continuity of Government: Is the State of Emergency Superseding our Constitution,” Center for Research on Globalization, November 24, http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=22089 (22.07.2012).
• “Technology Transfer From Defense: Concealed Weapon Detection” (1995), National Institute of Justice Journal, 229: 35-38.
• Terkel, Studs (2007), “The Wiretap This Time,” The New York Times, October 29, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/29/opinion/29terkel.html (12.10.2012).
• The United States Commission on National Security/21st Century (2001), “Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change, The Phase III Report,” February 15, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/nssg/PhaseIIIFR.pdf (10.06.2012).
• Thevenot, Chad (1997), “The "Militarization" of the Anti-Drug Effort,” http://www.ndsn.org/july97/military.html (22.06.2012).
• Ueunion (2011), “Defend Our Civil Liberties,” http://www.ueunion.org/ue-policy/defend-our-civilliberties (20.08.2012).
• U.S House of Representatives (2012), “USCODE Title 10-Chapter 15: Insurrection,” March 1, http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C15.txt (15.07.2012).
• U.S. Government Printing Office (2001), “Public Law-107-40,” September 18, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf (20.05.2012).
• U.S. Government Printing Office (2011), “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (H.R. 1540),” December 31, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS- 112hr1540enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr1540enr.pdf (20.02.2012).
• William, K. Tabb (2012), “The Crisis: A View from Occupied America,” Monthly Review 64(4), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/09/01/the-crisis (05.10.2012).
• Willson, Brian S. (2011), “Counter-terrorism under Reagan-Bush,” August 23, http://www.brianwillson.com/counter-terrorism-under-reagan-bush-i/ (05.08.2013).
• Wolf, Naomi (2007), “Fascist America, in 10 Easy Steps,” The Guardian, April 24, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/24/usa.comment (17.02.2012).
• Wollf, Edward N., (1998), “Recent Trends in the Size Distrubition of Household Wealth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3): 131-150.
• Yeh, Brian T. and Charles Doyle (2006), “USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis,” CRS Report for Congress, December 21, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33332.pdf (06.06.2011).
• Yeldan, Erinç ( 2009), “On the Nature and the Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2007/2008,” BagimsizSosyalBilimciler website, http://www.bagimsizsosyalbilimciler.org.tr (10.01.2010): 1-16.
• York, Byron (2005), “Clinton Claimed Authority to Order No-Warrant Searches (Does anyone remember that?),” National Review, December 20, http://old.nationalreview.com/ york/york200512200946.asp (30.03.2012).