Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Kuzey Kafkasya’da aşırı İslamcılığın yükselişi: Kafkasya Emirliği’nin analizi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 03, 141 - 164, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002290

Öz

The goal of this study is to analyze the rise of radical Islamism and the establishment of a virtual state, “Caucasus Emirate” in 2007 by borrowing conceptual tools from social movements literature such as socio-economic indicators, political development and identity factors. While noting that such indicators alone cannot fully explain the rise of Islamism, this study identifies global radical Islam and absence of international conflict resolution mechanisms as determinant factors. First section provides a historical background of the discontent in Chechnya. Second section identifies basic concepts used in social movement theory to explain radicalization processes. Apart from this, third section identifies global radical Islam, counter-productive measures taken by the authorities in Russian Federation, and political and economic underdevelopment and mismanagement as sources of instability in the North Caucasus. Finally a comparison of Chechnya and Bosnia-Herzegovina provides the lack of international conflict resolution mechanisms as another important factor in the analysis of the conflict.

Kaynakça

  • Abdurazakova, Dono (2012), “Constitutions: Caucasus and Central Asian States”, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Brill Online, http://www.paulyonline.brill.nl/entries/- encyclopedia-of-women-and-islamic-cultures/constitutions-caucasus-and-central-asianstates-COM_0072a (10.10.2012).
  • Alic, Annes (2007), “Foreign jihadis face Deportation in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, 5(21), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ ttnews[tt_news]=-4532&tx_ttnews[backPid]=182&no_cache=1, (10.10.2012).
  • Ashour, Omar (2009), The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements (New York: Routledge).
  • Baran, Zeyno, Frederick Starr ve Svante Cornell (2006), “Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU,” Silk Road Paper, Central Asia–Caucasus Institute/Silk Road Studies Program, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/- Silkroadpapers/0607Islam.pdf (16.09.2012).
  • Barlas, Cafer (1999), Dünü ve Bugünü ile Kafkasya Özgürlük Mücadelesi (İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları).
  • Başer, Alev E. (2002), Ele Geçirilemeyen Toprak Kuzey Kafkasya Şeyh Şamil’den Şamil Basayev’e Çeçenistan Dağıstan Direniş Hareketleri (İstanbul: Fecr Yayınları).
  • Beissenger, Mark R. (2002), Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • Behmen, Ömer (2008), “Genç Müslümanlar 1939- 2005” Ter: Nevzat Akkuş ve Amira Yarar, (İstanbul: Ant Kreatif Yayınları).
  • Boukhars, Anouar (2011), “Political Violence in North Africa: The Perils of Incomplete Liberalization”, Brooking Doha Center Analysis Paper, No. 3 www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/.../01_north_africa_boukhars.pdf, (9.10.2012).
  • Cornell, Svante (2012), “The Afghanization of the North Caucasus: Caucasus and Implications of a Changing Conflict”, Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 121- 154.
  • Davis, Eric (1984), “Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in modern Egypt”, Said A. Arjoman (ed.), From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam, (Albany: State University of New York).
  • Dekmejian, Hrair (1988), “Islamic Revival: Catalyst, Category and Consequences”, Shireen T. Hunter (ed.) The Politics of Islamic Revivalism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
  • Della Porta, Donatella (1992), Social Movements and Violence: Participation in Underground Organizations, (Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press).
  • Dudayev Cahar (1996), Özgürlük Kolay Değil (İstanbul: Turan Kültür Vakfı Yayınları).
  • Dunlop, John (1998), Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
  • Esposito John (1997), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
  • Erbaş, Hayriye ve M. Kemal (2007), “Sınıf Kimliğinden Kültürel Kimliğe: Fark/ Kimlik Politikalarının Yükselişi”, Fark, Kimlik, Sınıf (Der. H. Erbaş), (EOS Yayınları: Ankara): 3-31.
  • Gammer, Moshe (2003), Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Gilligan, Emma (2010), Terror in Checnya: Russia and Tragedy of Civilians in War (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Hafez, Mohammed M. (2003), Why Muslim Rebel? Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
  • Hahn, Gordon (2011) “Getting the Caucasus Emirate Right”, A Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Russia and Eurasia Program, http://csis.org/publication/getting-caucasus-emirate-right (12.05.2012).
  • Hahn, Gordon (2012), “The Caucasus Emirate Jihadists: The Security and Strategic Implications” Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 1-97.
  • Hill, Fiona (2002), “Putin and Bush in Common Cause? Russia's View of the Terrorist Threat after September 11”http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2002/06/summer-pakistan-hill (12.05.2012).
  • Hughes, James (2007), Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad (Philedelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres).
  • Hunter, Shireen T. (2004), Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security (New York: M.E. Sharpe).
  • Ibrahim, Saad Edine (1980), “Anatomy of Egypt’s Militant Islamic Groups”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (4): 423-453.
  • Kamalov, İlyas (2011), “Rusya’nın Orta Asya Politikaları”, Ankara: Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, İnceleme-Araştırma Dizisi, Yayın No:2.
  • Kamenev, Marina (2009), “Has Russia Lost Control of the North Caucasus?” Time, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1904234,00.html (9.10.2012).
  • Kramer, Martin (1997), The Islamism Debate (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center, 1997).
  • Knysh, Alexander (2007), “Contexualizing the Salafi-Sufi Conflict: From Northern Caucasus to Hadramawt”, Middle Eastern Studies, 43 (4): 503- 530.
  • Lapidus, Gail W. (2000), “Russia's Second Chechen War: Ten Assumptions in Search of a Policy”, http://www.ca-c.org/dataeng/bk02.05.lapidus.shtml, Central Asia and Caucasus, No. 4 ( 19.08.2012).
  • Larzillierer, Penelope (2007), “Chechnya: Moving Toward Islamic Nationalism?”, Blom, Bucaille, ve Luis Martinez, (eds.) The Enigma of Islamic Violence (London, Hurst): 89-104.
  • Lipman, Maria (2010), “How Russia Nourishes Radical Islam” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/04/AR2010040402723.- html (5.4.2012).
  • Malashenko, Alexei (2001), “Islamskiye orientiry Severnogo Kavkaza” [Islamic Guidelines for the North Caucasus] (Moscow: M. Gendalf Publishing House).
  • Markedonov, Sergey (2010), “Radical Islam in the North Caucasus”, A Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Russia and Eurasia Program, http://csis.org/publication/radical-islam-north-caucasus.(1.10.2012)
  • Markedonov, Sergey (2012), “The North Caucasus in Russia and Russia in the North Caucasus: State Approaches and Political Dynamics in the Turbulent Region”, Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 99- 119.
  • Nichols, Johanna (2000), “Guilt and Agency in the Russian-Chechen War” Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter, no. 9: 11-19.
  • Özcan, Sevinç Alkan (2003), “Rus-Çeçen Savaşları ve Rusya’nın Çeçenistan Politikası”, http://www.anlayis.net/makaleGoster.aspx?makaleid=2969 Anlayış Dergisi, (5.08.2012).
  • Powers, Gerald F. (1996), “Religion, Conflict and Prospects for Peace in Bosnia, Croatia, and Yugoslavia”, Journal of International Affairs, 50(1), www.georgefox. edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/Powers_Religion_Oct%201996.pdf. (1.10.2012).
  • Putin, Vladimir (1999), “Why We Must Act?” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/14/opinion/why-we-must-act.html?pagewanted=all&src (14.09.2012).
  • Seely, Robert (2001), Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800-2000: A Deadly Embrace (London: Frank Cass Publishers).
  • Selm, Bert van (1998), ‘Economic performance in Russia’s regions’, Europe-Asia Studies, 50 (4): 603- 618.
  • Staaf, Olof (2011), “Moscow Unable to Afford New Development Program for the North Caucasus,” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 17.7.2011, www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/5614 (8.09.2012).
  • Staaf, Olof (2012), “Electoral Fraud in the North Caucasus” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 1.11.2012, http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/5698 (15.11.2012).
  • Süer, Aydın (1993) Çeçen Cumhuriyeti’nin Siyasal Devlet Yapısı Üzerine (Grozni: Çeçen Kafkaslılar Kültür ve Dayanışma Yayınları).
  • Şentürk, Ünal M. (2006), “Küresel Yeni Sosyal Hareketler ve Savaş Karşıtlığı”, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(1): 31-46.
  • Tarrow, Sidney (1996), "Political Protest and Social Change: Analyzing Politics." American Political Science Review, 90(4): 874- 883. (1998), Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • Taştekin, Fehim ve Mustafa Özkaya (2002), Endless Genocide in Caucasus and Chechen Tragedy, Caucasus Foundation Reports, No. 4: 1-38, http://www.kafkas.org.tr/hakkinda/endless_genocide_It_is_a_Matter_of_Life_and_Death 1-Chechnya.html (1.09.2012)
  • Tavkul, Ufuk (2009), “Çeçen-Rus Savaşının Dağıstan’a Yayılması Üzerine Düşünceler”, Turan Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, http://www.turansam.org/makale.php?id=425 (21.06.2012).
  • Taymaz, Erol (1995), Çeçenistan’da Gelişen Olayların Tarihsel Arka Planı (Ankara: İnsan Yayınları).
  • Temizkan, Abdullah (2010), “Kuzey Kafkasya’da Müridizm’in Kurumsallaşması ve Gazavat”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 25: 77-92.
  • Tessler, Mark (1997), “The Origins of Support for Islamist Movements”, John Entelis (ed.) Islam, Democracy, and the State in North Africa, (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press): 93-126.
  • Tilly, Charles (1978), From Mobilization to Revolution (New York: McGraw Hill).
  • Topçuoğlılar, Öznur (2012), “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Etnik Yapısı ve Çeçenistan Üzerindeki Mücadelesi” http://www.tuicakademi.org/index.php/kategoriler/kafkaslar/3104-rusyafederasyonu-nun-etnik-yapisi-ve-cecenistan-uzerindeki-mucadelesi, TUİÇ Akademi, (12.09.2012).
  • Torbakov, Igor (2005), “War on Terrorism in the Caucasus: Russia Breeds Jihadists” http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=31090, North Caucasus Analysis 6 (42) (16.06.2012).
  • UN, World Food Programme (2006), Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping in the North Caucasus’, Roma, İtalya.
  • Wicktorowicz, Quintan (2004), Islamic Activism: Social Movement Theory Approach, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
  • Wilhelmsen, Julie (2005), “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement,” Europe-Asia Studies, 57(1): 35-59.
  • Zelkina, Anna (1993), “Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus”, Religion, State and Society, 21 (1): 115-124.

The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 03, 141 - 164, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002290

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı 2007’de ilan edilen Kafkasya Emirliği ile birlikte Kuzey Kafkasya’da aşırı İslamcılığın yükselişinin sosyal hareketler çalışmalarından esinlenerek sosyal-ekonomik göstergeler, siyasi gelişim ve kimliğe dayalı faktörler kullanılarak açıklanmasıdır. Çalışma, bu faktörlerin kendi başlarına Kafkasya Emirliği tarzı radikalleşmeyi açıklamakta kısıtlı olduklarını not eder ve bölgede küresel radikal İslamcılığın etkisi ve uluslararası çatışma çözüm mekanizmalarının eksikliğini de belirleyici faktörler olarak sunar. Çalışmada ilk olarak Kuzey Kafkasya’da devam eden ayaklanma ve Kafkas Emirliği’nin tarihsel arka planı, yapısı ve metotları analiz edilir. İkinci bölümde, aşırı İslamcı hareketlerin yapıları itibariyle sosyal hareket olarak sınıflandırılabilecekleri ve dolayısıyla sosyal hareketler çalışmalarında radikalleşme olgusunu açıklayan temel faktörlerin, Kuzey Kafkasya’daki aşırı İslamcı oluşumu anlamak içinde faydalanılabileceği savunulur. Buradan yola çıkarak üçüncü bölümde, Kuzey Kafkasya’daki İslamcı harekete destek sağlayan küresel aşırı İslamcı grupların etkisi, Rusya’daki otoritelerin kullandığı metotlar ve aynı otoritelerin siyasi ve ekonomik sorunları çözmedeki yetersizliği hareketin halen devam etmesi belirleyici faktörler olarak sunulur. Son olarak çalışma, Çeçenistan ve Bosna-Hersek karşılaştırılması ile Kuzey Kafkasya’daki aşırı İslamcılığın yükselişini, Çeçenistan’da uluslararası çatışma çözüm mekanizmalarının eksikliğine bağlı olarak da analize dâhil eder.

Kaynakça

  • Abdurazakova, Dono (2012), “Constitutions: Caucasus and Central Asian States”, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Brill Online, http://www.paulyonline.brill.nl/entries/- encyclopedia-of-women-and-islamic-cultures/constitutions-caucasus-and-central-asianstates-COM_0072a (10.10.2012).
  • Alic, Annes (2007), “Foreign jihadis face Deportation in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, 5(21), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ ttnews[tt_news]=-4532&tx_ttnews[backPid]=182&no_cache=1, (10.10.2012).
  • Ashour, Omar (2009), The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements (New York: Routledge).
  • Baran, Zeyno, Frederick Starr ve Svante Cornell (2006), “Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU,” Silk Road Paper, Central Asia–Caucasus Institute/Silk Road Studies Program, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/- Silkroadpapers/0607Islam.pdf (16.09.2012).
  • Barlas, Cafer (1999), Dünü ve Bugünü ile Kafkasya Özgürlük Mücadelesi (İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları).
  • Başer, Alev E. (2002), Ele Geçirilemeyen Toprak Kuzey Kafkasya Şeyh Şamil’den Şamil Basayev’e Çeçenistan Dağıstan Direniş Hareketleri (İstanbul: Fecr Yayınları).
  • Beissenger, Mark R. (2002), Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • Behmen, Ömer (2008), “Genç Müslümanlar 1939- 2005” Ter: Nevzat Akkuş ve Amira Yarar, (İstanbul: Ant Kreatif Yayınları).
  • Boukhars, Anouar (2011), “Political Violence in North Africa: The Perils of Incomplete Liberalization”, Brooking Doha Center Analysis Paper, No. 3 www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/.../01_north_africa_boukhars.pdf, (9.10.2012).
  • Cornell, Svante (2012), “The Afghanization of the North Caucasus: Caucasus and Implications of a Changing Conflict”, Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 121- 154.
  • Davis, Eric (1984), “Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in modern Egypt”, Said A. Arjoman (ed.), From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam, (Albany: State University of New York).
  • Dekmejian, Hrair (1988), “Islamic Revival: Catalyst, Category and Consequences”, Shireen T. Hunter (ed.) The Politics of Islamic Revivalism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
  • Della Porta, Donatella (1992), Social Movements and Violence: Participation in Underground Organizations, (Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press).
  • Dudayev Cahar (1996), Özgürlük Kolay Değil (İstanbul: Turan Kültür Vakfı Yayınları).
  • Dunlop, John (1998), Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
  • Esposito John (1997), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
  • Erbaş, Hayriye ve M. Kemal (2007), “Sınıf Kimliğinden Kültürel Kimliğe: Fark/ Kimlik Politikalarının Yükselişi”, Fark, Kimlik, Sınıf (Der. H. Erbaş), (EOS Yayınları: Ankara): 3-31.
  • Gammer, Moshe (2003), Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Gilligan, Emma (2010), Terror in Checnya: Russia and Tragedy of Civilians in War (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Hafez, Mohammed M. (2003), Why Muslim Rebel? Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
  • Hahn, Gordon (2011) “Getting the Caucasus Emirate Right”, A Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Russia and Eurasia Program, http://csis.org/publication/getting-caucasus-emirate-right (12.05.2012).
  • Hahn, Gordon (2012), “The Caucasus Emirate Jihadists: The Security and Strategic Implications” Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 1-97.
  • Hill, Fiona (2002), “Putin and Bush in Common Cause? Russia's View of the Terrorist Threat after September 11”http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2002/06/summer-pakistan-hill (12.05.2012).
  • Hughes, James (2007), Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad (Philedelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres).
  • Hunter, Shireen T. (2004), Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security (New York: M.E. Sharpe).
  • Ibrahim, Saad Edine (1980), “Anatomy of Egypt’s Militant Islamic Groups”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (4): 423-453.
  • Kamalov, İlyas (2011), “Rusya’nın Orta Asya Politikaları”, Ankara: Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, İnceleme-Araştırma Dizisi, Yayın No:2.
  • Kamenev, Marina (2009), “Has Russia Lost Control of the North Caucasus?” Time, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1904234,00.html (9.10.2012).
  • Kramer, Martin (1997), The Islamism Debate (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center, 1997).
  • Knysh, Alexander (2007), “Contexualizing the Salafi-Sufi Conflict: From Northern Caucasus to Hadramawt”, Middle Eastern Studies, 43 (4): 503- 530.
  • Lapidus, Gail W. (2000), “Russia's Second Chechen War: Ten Assumptions in Search of a Policy”, http://www.ca-c.org/dataeng/bk02.05.lapidus.shtml, Central Asia and Caucasus, No. 4 ( 19.08.2012).
  • Larzillierer, Penelope (2007), “Chechnya: Moving Toward Islamic Nationalism?”, Blom, Bucaille, ve Luis Martinez, (eds.) The Enigma of Islamic Violence (London, Hurst): 89-104.
  • Lipman, Maria (2010), “How Russia Nourishes Radical Islam” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/04/AR2010040402723.- html (5.4.2012).
  • Malashenko, Alexei (2001), “Islamskiye orientiry Severnogo Kavkaza” [Islamic Guidelines for the North Caucasus] (Moscow: M. Gendalf Publishing House).
  • Markedonov, Sergey (2010), “Radical Islam in the North Caucasus”, A Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Russia and Eurasia Program, http://csis.org/publication/radical-islam-north-caucasus.(1.10.2012)
  • Markedonov, Sergey (2012), “The North Caucasus in Russia and Russia in the North Caucasus: State Approaches and Political Dynamics in the Turbulent Region”, Stephen J. Blank (ed.) Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (PA: Strategic Studies Institute): 99- 119.
  • Nichols, Johanna (2000), “Guilt and Agency in the Russian-Chechen War” Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter, no. 9: 11-19.
  • Özcan, Sevinç Alkan (2003), “Rus-Çeçen Savaşları ve Rusya’nın Çeçenistan Politikası”, http://www.anlayis.net/makaleGoster.aspx?makaleid=2969 Anlayış Dergisi, (5.08.2012).
  • Powers, Gerald F. (1996), “Religion, Conflict and Prospects for Peace in Bosnia, Croatia, and Yugoslavia”, Journal of International Affairs, 50(1), www.georgefox. edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/Powers_Religion_Oct%201996.pdf. (1.10.2012).
  • Putin, Vladimir (1999), “Why We Must Act?” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/14/opinion/why-we-must-act.html?pagewanted=all&src (14.09.2012).
  • Seely, Robert (2001), Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800-2000: A Deadly Embrace (London: Frank Cass Publishers).
  • Selm, Bert van (1998), ‘Economic performance in Russia’s regions’, Europe-Asia Studies, 50 (4): 603- 618.
  • Staaf, Olof (2011), “Moscow Unable to Afford New Development Program for the North Caucasus,” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 17.7.2011, www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/5614 (8.09.2012).
  • Staaf, Olof (2012), “Electoral Fraud in the North Caucasus” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 1.11.2012, http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/5698 (15.11.2012).
  • Süer, Aydın (1993) Çeçen Cumhuriyeti’nin Siyasal Devlet Yapısı Üzerine (Grozni: Çeçen Kafkaslılar Kültür ve Dayanışma Yayınları).
  • Şentürk, Ünal M. (2006), “Küresel Yeni Sosyal Hareketler ve Savaş Karşıtlığı”, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(1): 31-46.
  • Tarrow, Sidney (1996), "Political Protest and Social Change: Analyzing Politics." American Political Science Review, 90(4): 874- 883. (1998), Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • Taştekin, Fehim ve Mustafa Özkaya (2002), Endless Genocide in Caucasus and Chechen Tragedy, Caucasus Foundation Reports, No. 4: 1-38, http://www.kafkas.org.tr/hakkinda/endless_genocide_It_is_a_Matter_of_Life_and_Death 1-Chechnya.html (1.09.2012)
  • Tavkul, Ufuk (2009), “Çeçen-Rus Savaşının Dağıstan’a Yayılması Üzerine Düşünceler”, Turan Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, http://www.turansam.org/makale.php?id=425 (21.06.2012).
  • Taymaz, Erol (1995), Çeçenistan’da Gelişen Olayların Tarihsel Arka Planı (Ankara: İnsan Yayınları).
  • Temizkan, Abdullah (2010), “Kuzey Kafkasya’da Müridizm’in Kurumsallaşması ve Gazavat”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 25: 77-92.
  • Tessler, Mark (1997), “The Origins of Support for Islamist Movements”, John Entelis (ed.) Islam, Democracy, and the State in North Africa, (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press): 93-126.
  • Tilly, Charles (1978), From Mobilization to Revolution (New York: McGraw Hill).
  • Topçuoğlılar, Öznur (2012), “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Etnik Yapısı ve Çeçenistan Üzerindeki Mücadelesi” http://www.tuicakademi.org/index.php/kategoriler/kafkaslar/3104-rusyafederasyonu-nun-etnik-yapisi-ve-cecenistan-uzerindeki-mucadelesi, TUİÇ Akademi, (12.09.2012).
  • Torbakov, Igor (2005), “War on Terrorism in the Caucasus: Russia Breeds Jihadists” http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=31090, North Caucasus Analysis 6 (42) (16.06.2012).
  • UN, World Food Programme (2006), Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping in the North Caucasus’, Roma, İtalya.
  • Wicktorowicz, Quintan (2004), Islamic Activism: Social Movement Theory Approach, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
  • Wilhelmsen, Julie (2005), “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement,” Europe-Asia Studies, 57(1): 35-59.
  • Zelkina, Anna (1993), “Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus”, Religion, State and Society, 21 (1): 115-124.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Tolga Türker Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 68 Sayı: 03

Kaynak Göster

APA Türker, A. T. (2013). The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(03), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002290
AMA Türker AT. The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate. SBF Dergisi. Mart 2013;68(03):141-164. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002290
Chicago Türker, Ahmet Tolga. “The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68, sy. 03 (Mart 2013): 141-64. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002290.
EndNote Türker AT (01 Mart 2013) The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68 03 141–164.
IEEE A. T. Türker, “The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate”, SBF Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 03, ss. 141–164, 2013, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002290.
ISNAD Türker, Ahmet Tolga. “The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68/03 (Mart 2013), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002290.
JAMA Türker AT. The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate. SBF Dergisi. 2013;68:141–164.
MLA Türker, Ahmet Tolga. “The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 03, 2013, ss. 141-64, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002290.
Vancouver Türker AT. The Rise of Radical Islam in the North Caucasus: An Analysis of Caucasus Emirate. SBF Dergisi. 2013;68(03):141-64.