Öz
Sahra altı Afrika ülkelerinden gelen göçmenler İstanbul’da en çok seyyar satıcı olarak görünürlük kazandı. Türkiye’nin ihracat faaliyetleri ile olan yakın ilişkileri ya da kendi aralarında yarattıkları sosyal ve kültürel kurumlar dışardan daha az biliniyor. Göç hareketinin altında iki büyük eşzamanlı gelişme yatıyor: Bir yandan Türkiye’nin Afrika ülkelerine açılması, devletin siyasi ve ticari girişimleri yanında özel yatırımlar, spor takımları, eğitim kurumları ve üniversite öğrencileri yoluyla kurulan bağlar, öte yandan Sahra altı ülkelerin son yıllarda gösterdiği iktisadi canlanma. Bu yazı bir yıllık alan araştırmasına dayanarak İstanbul’daki batı ve orta Afrikalı göçmenlerin gündelik yaşamlarını, aralarındaki hem ulusal köken ve yaşam tarzı hem de gelir seviyesi bakımından farklılıkları betimliyor, ücretli işçi, serbest meslek veya işletme sahipliği gibi uğraşılarını sıralıyor. Son bir bölüm göçün ülke ekonomisine ve toplumsal gerçeğine katkısını değerlendiriyor.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bredeloup, Sylvie (2012), “Sahara Transit: Times, Spaces, People,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 457-467. [Published online 29 November 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Brewer, Kelly T. ve Yükseler, Deniz (2006), A Survey of African Migrants and Asylum Seekers in İstanbul (İstanbul: Migration Research Program at the Koç University, MiReKoç Research Projects 2005-2006).
- Burtin, Julia (2009), Il y a du monde à la fenêtre. Economie d’un espace liminaire. Exemple du quartier de Kumkapı, İstanbul (İstanbul : Observatoire Urbain d’İstanbul, Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes).
- Collyer, Michael, Düvell, Franck ve de Haas, Hein (2012), “Critical Approaches to Transit Migration,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 407-414. [Published online 21 October 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Danış, Didem, Taraghi, Cherie ve Perouse, Jean-François (2009), “’Integration in Limbo’: Iraqi, Afghan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in İstanbul,” İÇDUYGU, Ahmet/KİRİŞÇİ, Kemal (eds.), Turkey, Land of Diverse Migrations: Challenges of Emigration and Immigrations in Turkey (İstanbul: Bilgi University Press): 443-636. Diouf, Mamadou (2000), “The Senegalese Murid Trade Diaspora and the Making of a Vernacular Cosmopolitanism,” Public Culture (12 /3): 679-702.
- Doğan, İbrahim (2011), “Hedef Ülke Türkiye,” Aksiyon, Sayı 850, http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-28969-26-hedef-ulke-turkiye.html (21 Mart 2011).
- Düvell, Franck (2012), “Transit Migration: A Blurred and Politicised Concept,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 415-427. [Published online 26 October 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Ebin, Victoria (1996), “Making Room versus Creating Space: The Construction of Spatial Categories by Itinerant Mouride Traders,” METCALF, Barbara D. (ed.), Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press): 92-109.
- Guardian, “Nigeria’s shoppers rival Russia and the Middle East for West End spending,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/nigeria-shoppers-rival-russia-middleeast/print (10 Eylül 2012).
- İçduygu, Ahmet (2003), Irregular Migration in Turkey (Geneva: International Organization for Migration).
- İçduygu, Ahmet ve Yükseler, Deniz (2012), “Rethinking Transit Migration in Turkey: Reality and Re-presentation in the Creation of a Migratory Phenomenon,”,Population, Space and Place (18 /4): 441-456. [Published online 26 November 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Idonor, Daniel (2011), “Nigeria, Turkey Trade Hits $2 bn,” Vanguarde Business, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/01/nigeria-turkey-trade-hits-2bn/ (28 Ocak 2011).
- İhsan, Ali (2005), “İşçi olarak gelen Afrikalılar patron oldu,” Zaman (16 Temmuz 2005). Knight, Ricky D. (2011), The Long Wait: African Migrant Communities and the Production of Local Identity in İstanbul Turkey (Washington:Washington State Üniversitesi, Antropoloji bölümü, doktora tezi).
- Macgaffey, Janet ve Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (2000), Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
- Morris, Gayle A. ve Şaul, Mahir (2005), “Women Cross-border Traders in West Africa,” Boko, Sylvain H. / Baliamoune-Lutz, Mina/ Kimuna, Sitawa R. (eds.), Women in African Development: The Challenge of Globalization and Liberalization in the 21st Century (Trenton,NJ: Africa World Press):53-82.
- Öcal, Aslı (2005), Les migrants issus de l’Afrique noire à İstanbul (İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Sosyoloji bölümü, lisans bitirme tezi).
- Özcan, Esra (2011), “TV’de Bir Afrikalı,” Bianet-Bağımsız İletişim Ağı http://www.bianet.org/bianet/goc/130722-tvde-bir-afrikali.
- Özcan, Zafer (2012), “Afrika Kaplanları,” Aksiyon (Sayı 922) http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-33257-afrika-kaplanlari.html (5 Ağustos 2012)
- Özdil, Koray (2008), “To Get a Paper, To Get a Job”: The Quiet Struggles of African Foreigners in İstanbul, Turkey (İstanbul: Central European Üniversitesi, Sosyoloji ve Soyal Antropoloji bölümü, yüksek lisans tezi).
- Özkan, Mehmet ve Akgün, Birol (2010), “Turkey’s Opening to Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies (48 /4): 525-546.
- Parla, Ayse (2007), “Irregular Workers or Ethnic Kin? Post-1990s Labour Migration from Bulgaria to Turkey,” International Migration, 45 /3: 157-181.
- UN Conference on Trade and Development (2011), Handbook of Statistics.
- Yükseler, Deniz ve Brewer, Kelly Todd (2011), “Astray and Stranded at the Gates of The European Union: African Transit Migrants in İstanbul,” New Perspectives on Turkey, 44: 129-160
Öz
The population at large of İstanbul takes notice of the presence of large numbers of sub-Saharan immigrants from the ubiquity of African street vendors. The significant role that these immigrants assume in export and shipping activities, or the social and cultural activities in which they engage among themselves are much less widely known. Two developments underwrite this immigration movement. On the one hand Turkey’s opening to sub-Saharan Africa, its closer political and economic ties and the relations established through private investments, sport teams, schools, and university students; on the other, rising African growth rates, which stimulate both demand for imports and the desire for outmigration. This article is based on a yearlong fieldwork among West and Central African immigrants in İstanbul. It describes their social life and the range of economic positions they occupy, from daily wage work, to the provision of independent services and crafts, to business ownership. The article ends with a section assessing the economic and social contributions of the immigrants.
Anahtar Kelimeler
sub-Saharan African immigration Nigeria Senegal Congo Cameroon
Kaynakça
- Bredeloup, Sylvie (2012), “Sahara Transit: Times, Spaces, People,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 457-467. [Published online 29 November 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Brewer, Kelly T. ve Yükseler, Deniz (2006), A Survey of African Migrants and Asylum Seekers in İstanbul (İstanbul: Migration Research Program at the Koç University, MiReKoç Research Projects 2005-2006).
- Burtin, Julia (2009), Il y a du monde à la fenêtre. Economie d’un espace liminaire. Exemple du quartier de Kumkapı, İstanbul (İstanbul : Observatoire Urbain d’İstanbul, Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes).
- Collyer, Michael, Düvell, Franck ve de Haas, Hein (2012), “Critical Approaches to Transit Migration,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 407-414. [Published online 21 October 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Danış, Didem, Taraghi, Cherie ve Perouse, Jean-François (2009), “’Integration in Limbo’: Iraqi, Afghan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in İstanbul,” İÇDUYGU, Ahmet/KİRİŞÇİ, Kemal (eds.), Turkey, Land of Diverse Migrations: Challenges of Emigration and Immigrations in Turkey (İstanbul: Bilgi University Press): 443-636. Diouf, Mamadou (2000), “The Senegalese Murid Trade Diaspora and the Making of a Vernacular Cosmopolitanism,” Public Culture (12 /3): 679-702.
- Doğan, İbrahim (2011), “Hedef Ülke Türkiye,” Aksiyon, Sayı 850, http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-28969-26-hedef-ulke-turkiye.html (21 Mart 2011).
- Düvell, Franck (2012), “Transit Migration: A Blurred and Politicised Concept,” Population, Space and Place (18/4): 415-427. [Published online 26 October 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Ebin, Victoria (1996), “Making Room versus Creating Space: The Construction of Spatial Categories by Itinerant Mouride Traders,” METCALF, Barbara D. (ed.), Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press): 92-109.
- Guardian, “Nigeria’s shoppers rival Russia and the Middle East for West End spending,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/nigeria-shoppers-rival-russia-middleeast/print (10 Eylül 2012).
- İçduygu, Ahmet (2003), Irregular Migration in Turkey (Geneva: International Organization for Migration).
- İçduygu, Ahmet ve Yükseler, Deniz (2012), “Rethinking Transit Migration in Turkey: Reality and Re-presentation in the Creation of a Migratory Phenomenon,”,Population, Space and Place (18 /4): 441-456. [Published online 26 November 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)].
- Idonor, Daniel (2011), “Nigeria, Turkey Trade Hits $2 bn,” Vanguarde Business, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/01/nigeria-turkey-trade-hits-2bn/ (28 Ocak 2011).
- İhsan, Ali (2005), “İşçi olarak gelen Afrikalılar patron oldu,” Zaman (16 Temmuz 2005). Knight, Ricky D. (2011), The Long Wait: African Migrant Communities and the Production of Local Identity in İstanbul Turkey (Washington:Washington State Üniversitesi, Antropoloji bölümü, doktora tezi).
- Macgaffey, Janet ve Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (2000), Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
- Morris, Gayle A. ve Şaul, Mahir (2005), “Women Cross-border Traders in West Africa,” Boko, Sylvain H. / Baliamoune-Lutz, Mina/ Kimuna, Sitawa R. (eds.), Women in African Development: The Challenge of Globalization and Liberalization in the 21st Century (Trenton,NJ: Africa World Press):53-82.
- Öcal, Aslı (2005), Les migrants issus de l’Afrique noire à İstanbul (İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Sosyoloji bölümü, lisans bitirme tezi).
- Özcan, Esra (2011), “TV’de Bir Afrikalı,” Bianet-Bağımsız İletişim Ağı http://www.bianet.org/bianet/goc/130722-tvde-bir-afrikali.
- Özcan, Zafer (2012), “Afrika Kaplanları,” Aksiyon (Sayı 922) http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-33257-afrika-kaplanlari.html (5 Ağustos 2012)
- Özdil, Koray (2008), “To Get a Paper, To Get a Job”: The Quiet Struggles of African Foreigners in İstanbul, Turkey (İstanbul: Central European Üniversitesi, Sosyoloji ve Soyal Antropoloji bölümü, yüksek lisans tezi).
- Özkan, Mehmet ve Akgün, Birol (2010), “Turkey’s Opening to Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies (48 /4): 525-546.
- Parla, Ayse (2007), “Irregular Workers or Ethnic Kin? Post-1990s Labour Migration from Bulgaria to Turkey,” International Migration, 45 /3: 157-181.
- UN Conference on Trade and Development (2011), Handbook of Statistics.
- Yükseler, Deniz ve Brewer, Kelly Todd (2011), “Astray and Stranded at the Gates of The European Union: African Transit Migrants in İstanbul,” New Perspectives on Turkey, 44: 129-160
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2013 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2013 Cilt: 68 Sayı: 01 |