Türkiye'de Beşeri Sermaya ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 60 Sayı: 01, 59 - 72, 01.01.2005

Erol Çakmak Sevda Gümüş

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000001422

Cited By: 21

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

TÜRKİYE'DE BEŞERİ SERMAYE VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: EKONOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ (1960 - 2002)

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kalkınma literatürünün önemli tartışma konularından birini oluşturan beşeri sermaye ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki, Türkiye açısından, belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle ilk, orta ve yükseköğretimden mezun olanlara çeşitli ağırlıklar uygulanarak, Türkiye için beşeri sermaye endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Söz konusu endeks yardımıyla, 1960-2002 yıllarını kapsayan bir dönem için, beşeri sermaye ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki "Eş-Bütünleşme Analizi" kullanılarak ekonometrik açıdan incelenmektedir. Konu ile ilgili olarak, "Beşeri sermaye ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli pozitif ilişki vardır" şeklindeki hipotez zaman serisi analizleriyle Türkiye için test edilmektedir. Analiz sonuçlan, Türkiye'de beşeri sermaye ile ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer taraftan analiz sonuçlan, Türkiye ekonomisinde fiziki ve beşeri sermayenin GSMH üzerinde pozitif, işgücünün ise GSMH üzerinde negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Türkiye'de beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyümeye katkısının fiziki sermayeye göre daha düşük oranda olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beşeri sermaye, eğitim, ekonomik büyüme, üretim fonksiyonu, pozitif dışsallık

Kaynakça

• BARRIO-CASTRO, T./LOPEZ-BAZO, E./SERRANO-DOMINGO, G. (2002), "New Evidenee on International R&.D Spillovers, Human Capital and Produetivity in The OECD," Economies Letters, 77/1: 41-45.
• BASSANINI, A./SCARPETTA, S. (2001), "Does Human Capital Matter for Growth in OECD Countries? Evidenee From Pooled Mean-Group Estimates," ECO/WKP: 35, Economics Department Working Papers, 282: 1-30.
• BENHABIB, J./SPIEGEL, M. M. (1994). "The Role of Human Capital in Eeonomie Development: Evidenee From Aggregate Cross-(ountry Data," Journal of Monetary Economies, 34: 143-173.
• DARRAT, A. F./HSU, M. K./ZHANG, M. (2002), "Human Capital and Endogenous Growth in Taiwan: Has Foreign Trade Contribution?," Studies in Economies and Finance, 20/1: 85.94.
• DENISON, E. F. (1962), Sources of United States Economic Growth, Readings in Economics (New York: MeGraw-Hill Book Company).
• ENGELBRECHT, H.-J. (1997), "International R&.D Spillovers, Human Capital and Produetivity in OECD Eeonomies: An Empirieallnvestigation," European Economie Review, 41: 1479-1488.
• ENGLE, R. F./GRANGER, C. W. J. (1987), "Co-Integration and Error Correetion: Representation, Estimation and Testing," Econometriea, 55: 251-276.
• FERNANDEZ, E./MAURO, P. (2000), "The Role of Human Capital in Eeonomic Growth: The Case of Spain," IMFWorkingPaper, WP i 00 18: 1-27.
• GEMMEL, N. (1996), "Evulating the Impaets of Human Capital Stoeks and Accumulation on Economie Growth: Some New Evidenee," Oxford Bulletin of Economies and Statisties, 58/1: 9-28.
• GOETZ, S. J./HU, D. (1996), "Eeonomic Growth and Human Capital Accumulation: Simultaneity and Expanded Convergenee Tests," Economies Letters, 51: 355-362.
• GUJARATI, D. N. (1995), Basie Econometries (Singapore: McGraw-HilIlne., Third Edition).
• GUNDLACH, E. (1999), "The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Development: Problems and Perspectives," TAN, J. L. H. (eds.), Human Capital Formation as An Engine of Growth: The East Asian Experience (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies): 383.402.
• HALL, R./ JONES, C. I. (1999), "Why do Some Countries Produce so much more Output Perworker than Others?," Quartely Journal of Economies, 114/1: 83.116.
• HERBERTSSONT. T. (2003), "Accounting for Human Capital Extemalities with an Application to the Nordic Countries," European Economie Review, 47/3: 553.567.
• HERS, J. (1998), "Human Capital and Economic Growth: A Survey of the Literature," CPB Report, 2: 36.41.
• HORNBECK, D. W./SALAMON, L. M. (1991), Human Capital and America's Future: An Economie Strategy for the 90's (London: The John Hopkins University Press).
• JOHANSEN S. (1988), "Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors," Journalaf Economie Dynamies and Control, 12: 231.254.
• JONES, C. I. (1996), "Human Capital, Ideas and Economic Growth," VLII Villa Mondragone International Economie Seminar in Rome on June 25.27: 1.28.
• KIKER, B. F. (1971), "The Historical Roots of the Concept of Human Capital," KIKER, B. F. (eds.), Investment in the Human Capital (Colombia: University of South Carolina Press): 51-75.
• LAU, L. J./JAMISON, D. T./LOUAT, F. (1991), Education and Productivity in Developing Countries: An Aggregate Production Function Approach, World Bank PRE Working Paper Series, 612: 1.33.
• LEE, D. W./LEE, T. H. (1995), "Human Capital and Economic Growth: Tests Based on the Intemational Evaluation of Educational Achievement," Economics Letters, 47: 219. 225.
• LEONING L. J. (2002), "The Impact of Education on Economic Growth in Guatemala: A Time Series Analysis Applying an Error.Correction Methodology," Economies Working Paper Archive at WUSTL, 0211002, gegr. 1737, Nr. 87: 1.45.
• LIN, T.-C. (2003), "Education, Technical Progress and Economic Growth: The Case of Taiwan," Economies of Education Review, 22/2: 213.220.
• LOMBARDINI, S. (1996), Growth and Economie Development (Great Britian Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publising Limited).
• MANKIW, N. G./ROMER, D./WEIL D. N. (1992), "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, " Quartely Journal of Economies, 107: 407.437.
• MATHUR, V. J. (1999), "Human Capital.Based Strategy for Regional Economic Development," Economic Development Quarterly, 13/3: 203.216.
• MCDONALD, S./ROBERTS, J. (2002), "Growth and Multiply of Human Capital in an Augmented Solow Model: A Panel Data Investigation," Economie Letters, 74: 271.276.
• NESTEROVA, D. V./SABIRIANOVA, K. Z. (1998), "Investment in Human CapiÜil Under Economic Transformation in Russia," EERCWorking Paper Series, 99 i 04: 1.54.
• NONNEMON, Y./VANHOUDT, P. (1996), "A Further Augmentation of the Solow and the Empirics of Economic Growth for OECD Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111: 943.953.
• OGAWA, N., JONES, W. J./WILLlAMSON, J. G. (1993), Human Resources in Development Along The Asia.Pasifie Rim (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
• PETRAKIS, P. E./STAMATAKIS, D. (2002), "Growth and Educational Levels: A Comparative Analysis," Economics of Education Review, 21: 513.521.
• PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (1995), Building Human Capital for Better Lives (Washington D.C.: The World Bank Press).
• SCHULTZ, T. W. (1961), "Investment in Human Capital," American Economie Review, 61: 1.17.
• SCHULTZ, T. W. (1967), Investment in Human Capital, Readings in Eeonomies (New York: MeGraw Hill Book Company, 5th Edition).
• TALLMAN, E. W./WANG, P. (1994), Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Evidenee From Taiwan, Journal of Monetary Eeonomies, 34: 101-124.
• WANG, Y./YAO, Y. (2002), "Sourees of China's Eeonomie Growth, 1952-99: Ineorporating Human CapitaL AeeumuLation," The Eeonomies, Spring: 1.24.