Kadınların Gayri Resmi Barış Süreçlerindeki Rolünün Kadın Haklarına Yönelik Çıktıları: Güney Afrika Örneği

Yıl 2024, SBF Dergisi Erken Görünüm, 1 - 22

Bahar Köse Ayça Eminoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1283983

Öz

Tüm zamanlarda ve dünyanın her yerinde kadınlar ekonomiden sağlığa, eğitimden dış politikaya hayatın her alanından dışlanma ve ikincil bir statüye indirgenme durumuyla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu durum barışın sağlanması ve toplumun yeniden yapılanması söz konusu olduğunda da geçerliğini korumaktadır. Bu doğrultuda kadınlar toplumun geleceğinin inşa edildiği resmi masalardan dışlanmakta ve kadınların çabaları çoğunlukla gayri resmi bir statüye indirgenmektedir. Gayri resmi süreçlerde kadınlar gerek bireysel gerekse örgüt halinde toplumun geleceğinin inşasında önemli görevler üstlenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı barışı resmi süreçlerin ötesinde ele alarak kadınların gayri resmi çabalarının kadın hakları bakımından ülkenin geleceğine yaptığı önemli katkıları vurgulamaktır. Bu doğrultuda Güney Afrika örneğini ele alarak kadın örgütlerinin stratejik hamlelerinin mevzuattaki yansımaları incelenmiştir. Neticede kadınların gayri resmi faaliyetlerinin resmi süreçleri önemli ölçüde etkilediği ve kadınlara yasal ehliyet, siyasi temsil, nafaka, aile içi şiddetten korunma vb. pek çok yasal hak tanıdığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu vesileyle gayri resmi barış süreçlerinin önemi ve barış süreçlerine kadın katılımının önemli çıktıları gibi konulara da dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Resmi Barış, Gayri Resmi Barış, Güney Afrika, Kadın Hakları, Toplumsal Cinsiyet

OUTCOMES OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN INFORMAL PEACE ACTIVITIES ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Öz

At all times and all over the world, women are excluded from all aspects of life, from economy to health, from education to foreign policy, and are reduced to a secondary status. This is also valid when it comes to ensuring peace and restructuring society. Women are excluded from the official tables on which the future of society is built, and women's efforts are often reduced to informal status. In informal processes, women play an important role in the construction of the future of society, both individually and as an organization. The aim of this study is to emphasize the important contributions of women's informal efforts to the future of the country in terms of women's rights, by addressing peace beyond formal processes. In the study, the reflections on the strategic moves of women's organizations in the legislation were examined by taking the example of South Africa. As a result, women's informal activities significantly affect the official processes and women have legal capacity, political representation, alimony, protection from domestic violence, etc. It has been concluded that it confers many legal rights. In addition, attention was drawn to issues such as the importance of informal peace processes and the important outcomes of women's participation in peace processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Formal Peace, Informal Peace, South Africa, Women Right, Gender

Kaynakça

• Albertyn, Catherine (2003), “Towards Substantive Representation: Women and Politics in South Africa”, Dobrowolsky, Alexandra ve Vivien Hart (Der.), Women Making Constitutions: New Politics and Comparative Perspectives, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan): 99-117.
• Albertyn Catherine (1994), “Women and the Transition to Democracy in South Africa”, Murray, Christina (Der.), Gender and the New South African Legal Order (Braamfontein: Juta & Co.): 39-63.
• Althaus, Frances A. (2000), “Work in Progress: The Expansion of Access to Abortion Services in South Africa Following Legalization”, International Family Planning Perspectives, 26 (2): 84-86.
• Bazilli, Susan ve Marilou McPhedran (2010), “Women’s Constitutional Activism in Canada and South Africa”, International Review of Constitutionalism, 9 (2): 389-418.
• Becker, Rayda (2000), “The New Monument to the Women of South Africa”, African Arts, 33 (4): 1-9.
• Bouvard, Marguerite G. (1994), Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc.).
• Britton, Hannah E. (2002), “Coalition Building, Election Rules, and Party Politics: South African Women's Path to Parliament”, Africa Today, 49 (4): 33-67.
• Budeli, Mpfariseni (2013), “Democracy And Political Governance in South Africa: Two Decades After Apartheid”, UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 4: 33-55.
• Burgess, Heidi ve Guy Burgess (2010), Conducting Track II Peacemaking, (USA: United States Institute of Peace).
• Chinkin, Christine (2003), Peace Agreements as a Means for Promoting Gender Equality and Ensuring Participation of Women, (New York: United Nations Division for The Advancement of Women).
• Christien, Agatha (2020), “Advancing Women’s Participation in Track II Peace Processes: Good And Emerging Practices”, Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security: 1-12.
• Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (CRSA) (1996), No. 108 of 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (as amended up to the Constitution Seventeenth Admendment Act of 2012) https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/images/a108-96.pdf (18.01.2022).
• Customary Marriages Act (1998) https://www.gov.za/documents/recognition-customary-marriages-act#:~:text=to%20regulate%20the%20proprietary%20consequences,provisions% 20 of%20certain%20laws%3B%20and (15.01.2022).
• Davies, John L. ve Edward Kaufman (2003), Second Track Citizens' Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict Transformation, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
• Dayal, Anjali K. ve Agathe Christien, (2020), “Women’s Participation in Informal Peace Processes”, Global Governance, 26: 69–98.
• Domestic Violence Act (DVA) (1998), Government Gazette, 19537, (02.12.1998). Domestic Violence Act [No. 116 of 1998], https://www.gov.za/documents/domestic-violence-act (03.03.2022).
• Employment Equity Act (EEA) (1998), Government Gazette, 19370, (19.09.1998), https://www.labour.gov.za/DocumentCenter/Acts/Employment%20Equity/Act%20-%20 Employment%20Equity%201998.pdf, (08.03.2022).
• Geisler, Gisela (2000), “Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle': Women, Men and Politics in South Africa”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(4), 605-630.
• Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR) (2022), https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2022/ (15.03.2022).
• Graybill, Lyn (2001), “The Contribution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Toward the Promotion of Women’s Rights in South Africa”, Women’s Studies International Forum, 24(1): 1–10.
• Hassim, Shireen (2002), "A Conspiracy of Women: The Women's Movement in South Africa's Transition to Democracy”, Social Research, 69(3): 693-732.
• Hassim, Shireen (2006), “Voices, Hierarchies and Spaces: Reconfiguring the Women’s Movement in Democratic South Africa”, Politikon, 32(2): 175–193.
• Hassim, Shireen (2005), Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa Contesting Authority, (The University of Wisconsin Press).
• Heathcote, Gina (2018), “Humanitarian Intervention and Gender Dynamics”, Ní Aoláın, Fionnuala, Naomi Cahn ve Dina Francesca Haynes (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict, (Oxford University Press): 199-210.
• Jones, Peter (2015), Track Two Diplomacy in Theory and Practice, (California: Stanford University Press). Kaye, Dalia D. (2007), Talking to the Enemy: Track Two Diplomacy in the Middle East and South Asia, (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation).
• Kelman, Herbert C., (1995), “Contributions of an Unofficial Conflict Resolution Effort to the Israeli–Palestinian Breakthrough”, Negotiation-Journal, 11: 11–27.
• Kelman, Herbert C., (2002), “Interactive Problem Solving as a Tool for Second Track Diplomacy”, John Davies ve Edy Kaufman (Der.), Second Track / Citizens’ Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict Transformation, (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield): 81-105
• Kezie-Nwoha, Helen ve Juliet Were, (2018), “Women’s Informal Peace Efforts: Grassroots Activism in South Sudan”, CMI BRIEF, 7: 1-6.
• Landman, Mattie Susan ve Neave O’Clery (2020), The Impact of the Employment Equity Act on Female Inter-Industry Labour Mobility and the Gender Wage Gap in South Africa, United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research.
• Lederach, John P. (1997), Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Socieites, (Washington: US Institute of Peace Press).
• Lennon, Anna L. R. (2019), The Politics of Land Rights in the Transition to Democratic South Africa: The Rise and Fall of the Constitutional Property Clause. Honors Projects, 127.
• Lenser, Amber, Michelle (2019), The South African Women's Movement: The Roles of Feminism and Multiracial Cooperation in the Struggle for Women's Rights, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, (Fayetteville : University of Arkansas).
• Mabandla, Brigitte (1994), Choices for South African Women, Agenda, Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 10(20): 22-29.
• Mac Ginty, Roger (2014), “Why Do We Think in the Ways that We Do?”, International Peacekeeping, 21(1): 107–112.
• Mapendere, Jeffrey (2006), “Track One and a Half Diplomacy and the Complementarity of Tracks”, Culture of Peace Online Journal, 2(1): 66-81.
• Masola, Athambile (2018), “Bantu Women on the Move: Black Women and the Politics of Mobility in the Bantu World”, Historia, 63(1): 93-111.
• McGuinness, Margaret E. (2006), “Women as Architects of Peace: Gender and the Resolution of Armed Conflict”, Michigan State Journal of International Law, 15: 65-85.
• Meintjes, Sheila (1996), “The Women's Struggle For Equality During South Africa's Transition To Democracy”, Transformation-Durban, 30: 47-64.
• Meintjes, Sheila (2005) Gender Equality by Design: The Case of South Africa's Commission on Gender Equality, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 32(2): 259-275.
• Mwambene, Lea ve Helen Kruuse (2015), “Unfulfilled Promises? The Implementation of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act in South Africa”, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 29(3): 237–259.
• Olaitan, Zainab ve Christopher Isike (2019), “The Role of the African Union in Fostering Women’s Representation in Formal Peacebuilding: A Case Study of Sierra Leone”, Journal of African Union Studies, 8(2): 135-154.
• Porter, Elizabeth (2010), “Women, Political Decision-Making, and Peace-Building”, Global Change, Peace & Security, 15(3): 245-262.
• Seidman, Gay W. (1999), “Gendered Citizenship: South Africa's Democratic Transition and the Construction of a Gendered State”, Gender and Society, 13(3): 287-307.
• Sonneborn, Liz (2010), The End of Apartheid in South Africa, (New York: Chelsea House Publishers).
• Southall, Roger (1994), “The South African Elections of 1994: the Remaking of a Dominant-Party State”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(4): 629-655.
• Stewart, Jes A. (2020), “Memoria, Verdad, y Justicia: Commemorative Acts of Solidarity for Memory, Truth, and Justice in South America”, The North Meridian Review, 1(2): 119-146.
• Steyn, Melissa (1998), “A New Agenda: Restructuring Feminism in South Africa”, Women’s Studies International Forum, 21(1): 41-52.
• The Maintenance Act (MA) (1998), Government Gazette, 19513, 27.11.1998), Juta's Statutes of South Africa, https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2010/11/maintenance_act_no_99_ 1998.pdf. (15.11.2022).
• Thipe, Thuto Seabe (2010), "A Rock Strikes Back: Women's Struggles for Equality in the Development of the South African Constitution". Political Science Honors Projects.
• Tripp, Aili M. (2018), “Women’s Organizations and Peace Initiatives”, (Fıonnuala Ní Aoláın vd., Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict, (USA: Oxford University Press): 430-441.
• Tshoaedi, Malehoko (2012), (En)Gendering the Transition in South Africa: The Role of COSATU Women Activists, Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 78(1): 1-26.
• United Nations (2002), Women, Peace and Security, United Nations Publication Sales No.E.03.IV.1. United Nations Security Council (2015), “Resolution 2242 (2015)”, S/RES/2242 (2015), https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF 96FF9%7D/s_res_2242.pdf (15.11.2022).
• Walker, Cherryl (1982), Women and Resistance in South Africa, (London: Onyx Press).
• Walsh, Denise (2006), The Liberal Moment: Women and Just Debate in South Africa, 1994-1996, Journal of Southern African Studies, 32(1): 85-105.
• Waylen, Georgina (2007), “Women’s Mobilization and Gender Outcomes in Transitions to Democracy The Case of South Africa”, Comparative Political Studies, 40(5): 521-546.
• Women’s Charter For Effective Equality (WCEE) (1994), Women’s National Coalition, http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/womenscharter.pdf, (22.11.2022).
• Worden, Nigel (2012), The Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell).
• Zanker, Franzisca (2018), Women in Peace and Transition Processes, The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative.
• Zukas, Lorna L. (2007). "Anti-Apartheid Movement", Gary Anderson (Der.), Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, (CA: SAGE Publications): 114-118.
• Zulu, Lindiwe (1998), “Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa”, Feminist Studies, 24(1): 147-157.