Common Mycotoxins: Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone

Öz

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites which have low molecular weight and are synthesized by fungi of genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Agriculturally important mycotoxins are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. These toxins are important since they are common in foods, have negative effects on health, and cause economic losses throughout the food chain. The effects of mycotoxins, which have a wide variety of molecular structures, on human and animal health also vary. According to their toxicity, they can be categorized as immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic. Different mycotoxins can disrupt hormonal systems, damage organs, suppress the immune system or cause cancer. In many countries, limits for mycotoxins in foods have been set to keep exposure to mycotoxins as low as possible to protect consumers and provide food safety. There has been an increase in the number of countries making regulations for mycotoxins worldwide over time. Also newer and more comprehensive regulations have been put into effect with an emphasis on official sampling procedures and analytical methods applied. In this article, it was aimed to review the negative effects of mycotoxins on human and animal health and also to compare the highest limit values allowed for mycotoxins in some foods in Turkey and European Union countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aflatoxin
• deoxynivalenol
• fumonisin
• mycotoxin
• ochratoxin

Yaygın Mikotoksinler: Aflatoksinler, Okratoksin A, Fumonisinler, Deoksinivalenol ve Zearalenon

Öz

Mikotoksinler özellikle Aspergillus, Penicillium ve Fusarium cinsi mantarlar tarafından sentezlenen düşük moleküler ağırlığa sahip ikincil metabolitlerdir. Tarımsal açıdan önemli kabul edilen mikotoksinler; aflatoksinler, okratoksin A, fumonisinler, deoksinivalenol ve zearalenondur. Bu toksinler gıdalarda yaygın olarak bulunmaları, sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkileri ve gıda zinciri boyunca ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaları nedeniyle önem taşımaktadır. Moleküler yapıları çok çeşitli olan mikotoksinlerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerine etkileri de değişkenlik göstermektedir. Toksisitelerine göre immün sistemi baskılayıcı, karsinojenik, teratojenik ya da mutajenik olarak sınıflandırılmaktadırlar. Farklı mikotoksinler hormonal sistemleri bozabilir, organlara zarar verebilir, immün sistemi baskılayabilir ya da kansere neden olabilir. Birçok ülkede tüketicileri korumak, gıda güvenliğini sağlamak ve mikotoksinlere maruziyeti mümkün olan en düşük seviyede tutabilmek amacıyla gıdalarda bulunabilecek mikotoksinler için limitler belirlenmiştir. Dünya çapında mikotoksinlere yönelik düzenlemeler yapan ülkelerin sayısında zamanla artış görülmüştür. Ayrıca resmi numune alım prosedürlerine ve uygulanan analitik metotlara önem verilerek daha yeni ve geniş kapsamlı yönetmelikler yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu derlemede mikotoksinlerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin incelenmesinin yanı sıra Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde mikotoksinlerin bazı gıdalarda bulunmasına izin verilen en yüksek limit değerlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aflatoksin
• deoksinivalenol
• fumonisin
• mikotoksin
• okratoksin

Destekleyen Kurum

Yoktur.

Teşekkür

Yoktur.

Kaynakça

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