BLACK CARROT JUICE: A NEW APPROACH to CURE ACRYLAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY in RATS

Öz

Objective: The liver is exposed to many harmful agents, which cause hepatotoxicity due to oxidative stress. Acrylamide is a carcinogenic agent and has toxic effects on the liver. In this study we aimed to examine whether black carrot juice might protect rat liver from toxicities of acrylamide. Method: Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into four equal groups as follows: control, acrylamide, black carrot juice and acrylamide + black carrot juice All the treatments were administered every other day for 30 days. Liver tissues were analysed for routine histopathology and apoptosis whereas serum samples were evaluated for oxidation state. Results: In the acrylamide group, severe histopathological damage, including hepatocyte degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, and passive hyperemia, along with a significant increase in caspase-3 immunoreactivity was observed. Biochemically the serum total antioxidant status decreased significantly, and the serum total oxidant status increased significantly. The histopathological examination revealed significant amelioration of tissue damage in the acrylamide + black carrot juice group as compared with that in the acrylamide group. Moreover, total oxidant status decreased significantly, whereas the total antioxidant status increased significantly. Caspase-3 immunoreactivity also decreased insignificantly. Conclusion: Black carrot juice appears to exhibit therapeutic effects against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity due to its antioxidant properties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acrylamide
• black carrot juice
• caspase-3
• hepatotoxicity
• total antioxidant status
• total oxidant status

Kaynakça

1. Acaroz, U., Ince, S., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Gurler, Z., Kucukkurt, I., Demirel, H. H., Arslan, HO., Varol, N.,Zhu, K. 2018. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol; 118: 745-752.
2. Ahmad, T., Cawood, M., Iqbal, Q., Ariño, A., Batool, A., Tarıq, RMS., Azam, M., Akhtar, S. 2019. Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and Their Health Benefits. Foods; 8(9): 424. Akhtar, S., Rauf, A., Imran, M., Qamar, M,. Riaz, M, Mubarek, MS. 2017. Black carrot (Daucus carota L.), dietary and health promoting perspectives of its polyphenols: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol; 66: 36-47.
3. Albalawi, A., Alhasani, RHA., Biswas, L., Reilly, J., Akhtar, S., Shu, X. 2018. Carnosic acid attenuates acrylamide-induced retinal toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Exp. Eye Res; 175: 103-114. Al-Serwi, RH and Ghoneim, FM. 2015. The impact of vitamin E against acrylamide induced toxicity on skeletal muscles of adult male albino rat tongue: Light and electron microscopic study. J Microsc Ultrastruct; 3: 137-147.
4. Altinoz, E., Turkoz, Y., Vardi, N. 2015. The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against acrylamide toxicity in liver and small and large intestine tissues. Bratisl Med J ;116(4): 252-258.
5. Alturfan, AA., Tozan-Beceren, A., Şehirli, AÖ., Demiralp, E., Şener, G., Omurtag, GZ. 2012. Resveratrol ameliorates oxidative DNA damage and protects against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in rats. Mol Biol Rep; 39(4): 4589-4596.
6. Alturfan, EI., Beceren, .A, Şehirli, AO., Demiralp, ZE., Şener, G., Omurtag, GZ. 2012. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in rats. Turk J Vet Anim Sci; 36(4): 438-445.
7. Ansar, S., Siddiqi, N. J., Zargar, S., Ganaie, M. A., & Abudawood, M. 2016. Hepatoprotective effect of Quercetin supplementation against Acrylamide-induced DNA damage in wistar rats. BMC Complem Altern M; 16(1): 327.
8. Boeddeker, SJ and Alexandra PH. 2015. The role of apoptosis in human embryo implantation. J Reprod Immunol; 108: 114-122

9. Cohen GM. 1997. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J; 326(1): 1-16.
10. Dahiru, D., Mamman, D. N., Wakawa, H. Y.2010. Ziziphus mauritiana fruit extract inhibits carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Pakistan J Nutr; 9(10): 990-993.
11. Davies KJ. 2000. Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and damage removal, repair, and replacement systems. IUBMB Life; 50(4-5): 279-289.
12. Dawid, C., Dunemann, F., Schwab, W., Nothnagel, T., and Hofmann, T. . 2015. Bioactive C17-polyacetylenes in carrots (Daucus carota L.): Current knowledge and future perspectives. J Agric Food Chem; 63(42): 9211-9222.
13. El-Mehi, AE and El-Sherif, NM. 2015. Influence of acrylamide on the gastric mucosa of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of rosemary. Tissue Cell; 47(3): 273-283.
14. Elblehi, SS., El Euony, OI., El-Sayed, YS. 2020. Apoptosis and astrogliosis perturbations and expression of regulatory inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity under ω3 fatty acids protection in rats. Neurotoxicology; 76: 44-57.
15. Erdemli, ME., Aksungur, Z., Gul, M., Yigitcan, B., Bag, HG., Altinoz, E., Turkoz, Y.. 2019. The effects of acrylamide and vitamin E on kidneys in pregnancy: an experimental study. J Matern-Fetal Neo M; 32(22): 3747-3756.
16. Erdreich, LS and Friedman MA. 2004. Epidemiologic evidence for assessing the carcinogenicity of acrylamide. Regul Toxicol Pharm; 39(2): 150-157.
17. Erel O. 2004. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation. more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem; 37(4): 277-85.
18. Erel O. 2005. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem; 38(12): 1103-1111.
19. Espinosa-Acosta, G., Ramos-Jacques, AL., Molina, GA., Maya-Cornejo, J., Esparza, R., Hernandez-Martinez, AR, Sanchez-Gonzales I., Estevez M. 2018. Stability Analysis of Anthocyanins Using Alcoholic Extracts from Black Carrot (Daucus Carota ssp. Sativus Var. Atrorubens Alef.). Molecules; 23(11): 2744.
20. Friedman, MA., Zeiger, E., Marroni, DE., Sickles, DW. 2008. Inhibition of Rat Testicular Nuclear Kinesins (krp 2; KIFC5A) by Acrylamide as a Basis for Establishing a Genotoxicity Threshold. J Agric Food Chem; 56(15): 6024-6030.
21. Garba, U., Kaur, S., Gurumayum, S., and Rasane, P. 2015. Effect of hot water blanching time and drying temperature on the thin layer drying kinetics of and anthocyanin degradation in black carrot (Daucus carota L.) shreds. Food Technol Biotechi 53(3): 324-330.
22. Hamdy, SM., Shabaan, AM., Latif, AKMA., Abdel-Aziz, AM., Amin, AM. 2017. Protective effect of Hesperidin and Tiger nut against Acrylamide toxicity in female rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 69(8), 580-588.
23. Houghton CA. 2019. Sulforaphane: Its “Coming of Age” as a Clinically Relevant Nutraceutical in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev; https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2716870
24. Horoz, M., Bolukbas, C., Bolukbas, FF., Aslan, M., Koylu, AO., Selek, S., Erel, O. 2006. Oxidative stress in hepatitis C infected end-stage renal disease subjects. BMC Infect Dis; 6(1): 114. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-114
25. Huang, CCJ., Li, CM., Wu, CF., Jao, SP., Wu, KY. 2007. Analysis of urinary N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine as a biomarker for the assessment of acrylamide exposure in smokers. Environ Res; 104(3) 346-351.
26. Hułas-Stasiak, M., Dobrowolski, P., Tomaszewska, E., Kostro, K. 2013. Maternal acrylamide treatment reduces ovarian follicle number in newborn guinea pig offspring. Reprod Toxicol; 42: 125-131.
27. Jın-Heon L, Kee-Jae L & Hee-Sook K. 2016. Estimation of the daily human intake of acrylamide (AA) based on urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and the contribution of dietary habits in South Korean adults. 한국환경보건학회지; 42(4): 235-245.
28. Kacar, S., Vejselova, D., Kutlu, HM., Sahinturk, V.. 2018. Acrylamide-derived cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects on A549 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol; 37: 468-474. Kaur C and Kapoor HC. 2002. Anti‐oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int J Food Sci Technol; 37: 153-161
29. Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL & Calafat AM. 2005. Measurement of 18 perfluorinated organic acids and amides in human serum using on-line solid-phase extraction. Anal Chem; 77(18): 6085-6091.
30. Lai, SM., Gu, ZT., Zhao, MM., Li, XX., Ma, YX., Luo, L., Liu, J. 2017.Toxic effect of acrylamide on the development of hippocampal neurons of weaning rats. Neural Regen Res; 12(10): 1648-1654.
31. Lakshmi, D., Gopinath, K., Jayanthy, G., Anjum, S., Prakash, D., Sudhandiran, G. 2012. Ameliorating effect of fish oil on acrylamide induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res; 37(9): 1859-1867.
32. Li, M., Sun, J., Zou, F., Bai, S., Jiang, X., Jiao, R., Ou, S., Zhang, H., Su, Z., Huang, Y., Bai, W.2017. Glycidamide inhibits progesterone production through reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis in R2C Rat Leydig Cells. Food Chem Toxicol; 108: 563-570.
33. LoPachin, RM., Ross, JF., Reid, ML., Das, S., Mansukhani, S., Lehning, EJ 2002. Neurological evaluation of toxic axonopathies in rats: Acrylamide and 2, 5-hexanedione. Neurotoxicology; 23(1): 95-110.
34. Mannaa, F., Abdel‐Wahhab, MA., Ahmed, HH., Park, MH. 2006. Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide‐induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol; 26(3): 198-206.
35. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1994. Acrylamide. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; Some Industrial Chemicals, vol. 60. IARC, Lyon, France.
36. Netzel, M., Netzel, G., Kammerer, DR., Schieber, A., Carle, R., Simons, L., Bitsch I, Bitsch R., Konczak. I 2007. Cancer cell antiproliferation activity and metabolism of black carrot anthocyanins. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol; 8(3): 365-372.
37. Nicolle C et al. 2003. Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and on antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed rat. Eur J Nutr ;42(5): 254-261. Parzefall W. 2008. Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide. Food Chem Toxicol; 46(4): 1360-1364.
38. Peña-Llopis, S., Ferrando, MD., Peña, JB. 2003. Fish tolerance to organophosphate-induced oxidative stress is dependent on the glutathione metabolism and enhanced by N-acetylcysteine. Aquat Toxicol; 65(4): 337-360.
39. Porter AG and Janicke RU. 1999. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ; 6: 99–104.
40. Powers, SJ., Mottram, DS., Curtis, A., Halford, NG. . 2013. Acrylamide concentrations in potato crisps in Europe from 2002 to 2011. Food Addit Contam; 30(9): 1493-1500.
41. Rodríguez-Ramiro, I., Martín, MÁ., Ramos, S., Bravo, L., Goya, L. 2011. Olive oil hydroxytyrosol reduces toxicity evoked by acrylamide in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress. Toxicology; 288(1-3): 43-48.
42. Rosen JD. 2002. Acrylamide in food: is it a real threat to public health. American Council on Science and Health. New York, pp. 1-17
43. Semla, M., Goc, Z., Martiniaková, M., Omelka, R., Formicki, G. 2017. Acrylamide: a common food toxin related to physiological functions and health. Physiol Res; 66(2): 205-217
44. Singh, MP., Jakhar, R., Kang, SC. 2015. Morin hydrate attenuates the acrylamide-induced imbalance in antioxidant enzymes in a murine model. Int J Mol Med; 36(4): 992-1000. Stan, SD., Kar, S., Stoner, GD., Singh,SV. 2008. Bioactive food components and cancer risk reduction. J Cell Biochem; 104(1): 339-356.
45. Tanriseven, D., Kadiroglu, P., Selli, S., Kelebek, H. 2020. LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS-assisted elucidation of the phenolic compounds in shalgams: Comparison of traditional and direct methods. Food chem; 305: 125505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125505
46. Tarpey MM, Wink DA & Grisham MB. 2004. Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am J Physiol-Reg I 286(3): R431-R444. Tsao R. 2010. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients; 2(12): 1231-1246.
47. Ignat, I., Volf, I., & Popa, VI. 2011. A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem; 126(4): 1821-1835.
48. Vesper, HW., Bernert, JT., Ospina, M., Meyers, T., Ingham, L., Smith, A., Myers, GL. 2007. Assessment of the relation between biomarkers for smoking and biomarkers for acrylamide exposure in humans. Cancer Epidem Biomar; 16(11): 2471-2478.
49. Wang LS & Stoner GD 2008. Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett; 269(2): 281-290.
50. Wang, QS., Xie, KQ., Zhang, CL., Zhu, YJ., Zhang, LP., Guo, X., Yu, SF. 2005. Allyl chloride-induced time dependent changes of lipid peroxidation in rat nerve tissue. Neurochem Res; 30(11): 1387-1395.
51. Yen YH, Shih CH & Chang CH. 2008. Effect of adding ascorbic acid and glucose on the antioxidative properties during storage of dried carrot. Food Chem; 107(1): 265-272. Yerlikaya FH, Toker A., Yener Y. 2013. Effects of acrylamide treatment on oxidant and antioxidant levels in rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg; 19(4): 607-612.
52. Zafar, MS., Quarta, A., Marradi, M., Ragusa, A. 2019. Recent Developments in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress through Antioxidant Polymeric Formulations. Pharmaceutics; 11(10): 505.
53. Zhang DL & Hamauzu Y. 2004. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in different tissues of carrots (Daucus carota L.). J Food Agric Environ; 2(1): 95-100.
54. Zheng, JH., Viacava Follis, A., Kriwacki, RW., Moldoveanu, T . 2016. Discoveries and controversies in BCL2 protein mediated apoptosis. The FEBS J; 283(14): 2690-2700.
55. Zhu, YJ., Zeng, T., Zhu, YB., Yu, SF., Wang, QS., Zhang, LP.,Guo. X., Xie, KQ. 2008. Effects of acrylamide on the nervous tissue antioxidant system and sciatic nerve electrophysiology in the rat. Neurochem Res; 33(11): 2310-2317.