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Covıd-19 Pandemisinin Bireysel ve Sosyal Etkileri

Yıl 2023, , 242 - 259, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1196521

Öz

İçinde bulunduğumuz çağın belirleyici özelliklerinden birisi de küresel ölçekte salgınların yaygınlık kazanmasıdır. 21. yüzyılda SARS, MERS, H1N1 gibi salgın hastalıkların etkisi pek çok alanda hissedilmiştir. Son olarak küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle 2019 yılında dünyanın gündemine giren ve hâlihazırda gündemi meşgul etmeye devam eden Covid-19 pandemisi, kamuoyunda İspanyol Gribi olarak adlandırılan salgın hastalıktan sonra en çok ölüme neden olan küresel bir salgındır. Covid-19 pandemisi sağlık sistemleri başta olmak üzere sosyal, yönetsel, siyasi ve ekonomik alanda önemli sonuçlara yol açmıştır. Bu doğrultuda pandeminin bireysel, toplumsal ve kurumsal düzeyde hemen hemen her alanda etkilerini ortaya koymaya yönelik oldukça geniş bir literatür ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada Covid-19 pandemisinin bireysel ve sosyal etkileri kişilerarası ilişkiler, aile hayatı, stres ve kaygı düzeyi ve teknoloji kullanımı boyutlarında ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu etkileri ortaya koymaya çalışırken geçmiş pandemilerden elde edilen tecrübelerin yanı sıra, Covid-19 pandemisi ile ilgili güncel literatürden de faydalanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, Thomas. 2011. “The Chronicle of a Disease Foretold: Pandemic H1N1 and The Construction of a Global Health Security Threat”. Political Studies. 59/4:797-812.
  • Akkaş, İbrahim. (2019). Teknoloji Bağımlılığı. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi. Ataman, Kemal, Veysel Bozkurt, Erol Göka, Mustafa Necmi İlhan, Nuran Yıldırım, Esra Çiftçi ve Ufuk Liman, vd. 2020. "COVID-19 Küresel Salgınının Toplumsal Etkileri." Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 78/3: 235-248. Ateş, Hamza ve Kırılmaz, Harun, “An Evaluation of The Performance of The Turkish Health System in The COVID-19 Pandemic. Düzce Medical Journal. ;23/1 (2021): 30-37.
  • Azimi, Amir Vahedian, Malihe Sadat Moayed, Farshid Rahimibashar, Sajad Shojaei, Sara Ashtari and Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi. 2020. “Compare The Severity of Psychological Distress Among Four Groups of Iranian Society in Covid-19 Pandemic”. BMC Psychiatry. 20/1:402.
  • Azubuike, Obiageri Bridget, Oyindamola Adegboye and Habee Quadri. 2020. “Who Gets to Learn in a Pandemic? Exploring The Digital Divide in Remote Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria”. International Journal of Educational Research Open. 2/2:1-10.
  • Banskota, S, Goldberg and M, Elizabeth, M. 2020. “15 Smartphone Apps For Older Adults to Use While in Isolation During The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21/3:514-525.
  • Bekaroğlu, Ece, ve Tuğba Yılmaz. 2020. "COVID-19 ve Psikolojik Etkileri: Klinik Psikoloji Perspektifinden Bir Derleme”. Nesne. 8/18: 573-584.
  • Bilge, Mehmet. 2020. “Türkiye’de Covıd-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Dezavantajlı Bireylere Yönelik Uygulamaların İncelenmesi: “Vefa Sosyal Destek Grubu” Örneği”. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (16), 101-114.
  • Brewer, Noel T. Gretchen, B. Chapman. Frederick, X. Gibbons. Meg, Gerrard. Kevin, D. McCaul and Neil, D. Weinstein. 2007. “Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Health Behavior: The Example of Vaccination”. Health Psychology. 26/2 :136-145.
  • Burgess, Simon, Hans Henrik Sievertsen, 2020. “Schools, Skills, and Learning: The Impact of COVID-19 on Education”. Available from: https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education
  • Çelik, Şeymanur ve Çak, Edanur. 2020. "COVID-19 “Pandemi Sürecinin Aile Üzerine Etkisi". Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 6-11.
  • Chuang, Ying-Chih, Ya-Li Huang, Kuo-Chien Tseng, Chia-Hsin Yen and Lin-hui Yang. 2020. “Social Capital and Health-Protective Behavior Intentions in an Influenza Pandemic”. PLoS One. 10/4: e0122970.
  • Cinelli, Matteo, Walter Quattrociocchi, Alessandro Galeazzi, Carlo Michele Valensise, Emanuele Brugnoli, Ana Lucia Schmidt, Paola Zola, vd. 2020. “The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic”. April. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05004 Coşkun Taştan, Hasan Hüseyin Tekin, Esra Çetinöz ve Ahmet Demirden. 2020. “Kovid-19 Salgını ve Sonrası Psikolojik ve Sosyolojik Değerlendirmeler”, Polis Akademisi Yayınları. 31.
  • Cowling, Benjamin J., Diane M. W. Ng, Dennis K. M. Ip, Quiyan Liao, Wendy W. T. Lam, Joseph T. Wu, Joseph T. F. Lau, vd. 2010. “Community Psychological and Behavioral Responses Through The First Wave of The 2009 Influenza a (H1n1) Pandemic in Hong Kong”. The Journal of infectious diseases. 202/6: 867-876.
  • Enemark, Christian. 2009. “Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat?” Survival Global Politics and Strategy. 51/1: 191-214.
  • Fenichel, Eli P. Nicolai V. Kuminoff and Gerardo Chowell. 2013. “Skip The Trip: Air Travelers' Behavioral Responses to Pandemic Influenza”. PLoS One. 8/3: e58249.
  • Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai and Sandy Cairncross. “Effectiveness of Handwashing in Preventing SARS: a Review”. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 11/11 (2006):1749-1758.
  • Glass, Robert J., Laura M. Glass, Walter E. Beyeler and H. Jason Min. 2006 “Targeted Social Distancing Designs for Pandemic Influenza”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12/11: 1671-1681.
  • Gostin, Lawrence, 2006. “Public Health Strategies for Pandemic Influenza: Ethics and The Law”. JAMA. 295/14: 1700-1704.
  • Huynh, Toan Luu Duc. 2020. “The COVID-19 Risk Perception: A Survey on Socioeconomics and Media Attention”. Economics Bulletin. 40/1: 758-764.
  • Ibuka, Yoko, Gretchen B Chapman, Lauren A Meyers, Meng Li and Alison P. Galvani. 2010. “The Dynamics of Risk Perceptions and Precautionary Behavior in Response to 2009 (H1n1) Pandemic Influenza”. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10/296: 1-11.
  • Jacobs, Jennifer, Melanie Taylor, Kingsley Agho, Garry Stevens, Margo Barr and Beverley Raphael. 2010. “Factors Associated With Increased Risk Perception of Pandemic Influenza in Australia”. Influenza Research and Treatment. 947906: 1-7.
  • Karaoğlu, Nazan, Özlem Coşkun, ve Işıl İrem Budakoğlu, 2017. Meram Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Özanlayışlarına Karşın Yalnızlık, Umutsuzluk ve Anksiyete Düzeyleri. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 16(48), 49-61.
  • Kasapoğlu, Aytül ve Alev Akbal. 2020. “Relational Sociological Analysis of Uncertainties: The Case of COVID-19 in Turkey”. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 7/4: 197-228.
  • Keshky, Mogeda El SayedEl, Abeer Mohammad Alsabbanc and Sawzan Sadaqa Basyounic. 2021. “The Psychological and Social Impacts on Personal Stress for Residents Quarantined for Covid-19 in Saudi Arabia”. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 35/3: 311-316.
  • Kharshiing, Korsi Dorene, Drishti Kashyap, Kaveri Gupta, Masrat Khursheed, Mohammad Ghazi Shahnawaz, Neda Haseeb Khan, Ritika Uniyal, vd. 2021. “Quality of Life in The COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Exploring The Role of Individual and Group Variables”. Community Mental Health Journal. 57: 70-78.
  • Kılıç, Yunus. 2020. Borsa İstanbul’da COVID-19 (koronavirüs) Etkisi. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(1), 66-77.
  • Kim, Eun Ji, Lyndonna Marrast and Joseph Conigliaro. 2020. “COVID-19: Magnifying the Effect of Health Disparities”. J GEN INTERN MED, 35: 2441–2442.
  • King, Daniel L, Paul H. Delfabbro, Joel Billieux and Marc N. Potenza. 2020. “Problematic Online Gaming and The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 9/2: 184-186.
  • Kurtdaş, M. Çağlar. 2020. "Covid-19’un Toplumsal Etkileri Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler." Şehir ve Medeniyet Dergisi Journal of City and Civilization. 1308-8386.
  • Liao, Qiuyan., Benjamin Cowling, Wing Tak Lam and Man Wai Ng. 2010. “Richard Fielding. Situational Awareness and Health Protective Responses to Pandemic Influenza a (H1n1) in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study”. PLoS One. 5/10: e13350.
  • Pietromonaco Paula R. and Nickola Overall. 2021. “Applying Relationship Science to Evaluate How The Covid-19 Pandemic May Impact Couples’ Relationships”. American Psychologist. 76/3: 438-450.
  • Pummerer, Lotte , Robert Böhm, Lau Lilleholt, Kevin Winter, Ingo Zettler and Kai Sassenberg. 2022. “Conspiracy Theories and Their Societal Effects During The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 13/1: 49–59.
  • Raude, Jocelyn and Michel, Setbon. 2009. “Lay Perceptions of The Pandemic Influenza Threat”. European Journal of Epidemiology. 24/7: 339-342.
  • Resta, Elena, Silvana Mula, Conrad Baldner, Daniela Di Santo, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, vd. 2022. “We are All in The Same Boat’: How Societal Discontent Affects Intention to Help During The Covid-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32/2: 332– 347.
  • Reynolds, Diane, Garay JR, Deamond, SL, Moran, MK, Gold, W. and Styra, R. 2008. “Understanding, Compliance and Psychological Impact of The SARS Quarantine Experience”. Epidemiol Infect. 136/7: 997-1007.
  • Rubin, G.James, Richard Amlot, Lisa Page and Simon Wessely. 2009. “Public Perceptions, Anxiety, And Behavior Change in Relation to The Swine Flu Outbreak: Cross Sectional Telephone Survey”. British Medical Journal. 339/b2651: 1-8. Sahoo Swapnajeet, Susanta Kumar Padhy, Jigyansa Ipsita, Aseem Mehra and Sandeep Grover. 2020. “Demystifying The Myths About Covid-19 Infection and Its Societal Importance”. Asian J Psychiatr. 54: 102244.
  • Sarah, R. Christensen, Emily B. Pilling, J. B. Eyring, Grace Dickerson, Chantel D. Sloan and Brianna M. Magnusson. 2020. “Political and Personal Reactions to Covid-19 During Initial Weeks of Social Distancing in The United States”. PLoS ONE. 15/9: e0239693.
  • Singh, Archana and Nishi Misra. 2009. “Loneliness, Depression and Sociability in Old Age”. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18/1 (2009):51-55.
  • Solomou, Loulia and Fofi Constantinidou. 2020. “Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms During The Covid-19 Pandemic and Compliance With Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17/14: 4924.
  • Sood, Sadhika. 2020. “Psychological Effects of The coronavirus Disease-2019” pandemic. Perspective. 7: 23-26.
  • Tekingündüz, Sabahattin, Aysu, Kurtuldu, ve Türkkan, Işık Erer. 2016. “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Eşitsizlik ve Etik”. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(4), 32-43.
  • Timurtas, Meral., ve Nilay Gemlik. 2021. COVİD-19 Teşhisi Almış ve Almamış Bireylerin Özgecilik Tutumları Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-17.
  • Wang, Cuiyan, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan, Yilin Tan, Linkang X, Cyrus S. Ho and Roger C. Ho. 2020. “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During The Initial Stage of The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Epidemic Among The General Population in China”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17/5; 1729.
  • Watts, Geoff. 2020. “Covid-19 and The Digital Divide in The UK”. Lancet. 2/8: 395-396.
  • Wenjun, Cao, Ziwei Fanga, Guoqiang Hou, Mei Han, Xinrong Xu, Jiaxin Dong and Jianzhong Zheng. “The Psychological Impact of The Covid-19 Epidemic on College Students in China”. Psychiatry Research. 287: 112934.
  • Wiederhold, Brenda K. and Mark D Wiederhold, 2010. “Virtual Reality Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Due to Motor Vehicle Accident”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 13/1: 21-27.
  • Wood, Dennis Patrick, Brenda K. Wiederhold and James Spira. 2010. “Lessons Learned From 350 Virtual-Reality Sessions With Warriors Diagnosed With Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 13/1: 3-11. World Health Organization. 2022. “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard", Son güncelleme 11 Ekim 2022 https://covid19.who.int/

Individual and Social Influences of The Covid-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2023, , 242 - 259, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1196521

Öz

One of the defining characteristics of the contemporary era is the prevalence of epidemics on a global scale. Throughout the 21st century, the impact of epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, and H1N1, has been felt across various domains. However, with the effect of globalization, the COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in 2019 and continues to occupy the global agenda, has become a worldwide epidemic that has caused the most fatalities after the Spanish Flu pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant consequences in social, political, administrative, and economic fields, particularly in healthcare systems, and these results are expected to continue to have long-term effects. Accordingly, a vast literature has emerged to investigate the impact of the pandemic in almost every sphere, including individual, societal, and institutional levels. Research reveals that patterns observed in previous epidemics are similarly apparent in this current epidemic. The unpreparedness of countries at the organizational and supply chain levels has led to anxiety-producing situations that have affected individuals and societies. It is inevitable that events and phenomena affecting all aspects of life create change. Predicting the direction of this change necessitates identifying the visible changes in each dimension. This study aims to explore the individual and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the dimensions of interpersonal relationships, family life, stress and anxiety levels, technology use, and social life. To reveal these effects, this study utilizes the current literature on the COVID-19 pandemic and the experiences gained from previous pandemics.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, Thomas. 2011. “The Chronicle of a Disease Foretold: Pandemic H1N1 and The Construction of a Global Health Security Threat”. Political Studies. 59/4:797-812.
  • Akkaş, İbrahim. (2019). Teknoloji Bağımlılığı. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi. Ataman, Kemal, Veysel Bozkurt, Erol Göka, Mustafa Necmi İlhan, Nuran Yıldırım, Esra Çiftçi ve Ufuk Liman, vd. 2020. "COVID-19 Küresel Salgınının Toplumsal Etkileri." Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 78/3: 235-248. Ateş, Hamza ve Kırılmaz, Harun, “An Evaluation of The Performance of The Turkish Health System in The COVID-19 Pandemic. Düzce Medical Journal. ;23/1 (2021): 30-37.
  • Azimi, Amir Vahedian, Malihe Sadat Moayed, Farshid Rahimibashar, Sajad Shojaei, Sara Ashtari and Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi. 2020. “Compare The Severity of Psychological Distress Among Four Groups of Iranian Society in Covid-19 Pandemic”. BMC Psychiatry. 20/1:402.
  • Azubuike, Obiageri Bridget, Oyindamola Adegboye and Habee Quadri. 2020. “Who Gets to Learn in a Pandemic? Exploring The Digital Divide in Remote Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria”. International Journal of Educational Research Open. 2/2:1-10.
  • Banskota, S, Goldberg and M, Elizabeth, M. 2020. “15 Smartphone Apps For Older Adults to Use While in Isolation During The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21/3:514-525.
  • Bekaroğlu, Ece, ve Tuğba Yılmaz. 2020. "COVID-19 ve Psikolojik Etkileri: Klinik Psikoloji Perspektifinden Bir Derleme”. Nesne. 8/18: 573-584.
  • Bilge, Mehmet. 2020. “Türkiye’de Covıd-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Dezavantajlı Bireylere Yönelik Uygulamaların İncelenmesi: “Vefa Sosyal Destek Grubu” Örneği”. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (16), 101-114.
  • Brewer, Noel T. Gretchen, B. Chapman. Frederick, X. Gibbons. Meg, Gerrard. Kevin, D. McCaul and Neil, D. Weinstein. 2007. “Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Risk Perception and Health Behavior: The Example of Vaccination”. Health Psychology. 26/2 :136-145.
  • Burgess, Simon, Hans Henrik Sievertsen, 2020. “Schools, Skills, and Learning: The Impact of COVID-19 on Education”. Available from: https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education
  • Çelik, Şeymanur ve Çak, Edanur. 2020. "COVID-19 “Pandemi Sürecinin Aile Üzerine Etkisi". Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 6-11.
  • Chuang, Ying-Chih, Ya-Li Huang, Kuo-Chien Tseng, Chia-Hsin Yen and Lin-hui Yang. 2020. “Social Capital and Health-Protective Behavior Intentions in an Influenza Pandemic”. PLoS One. 10/4: e0122970.
  • Cinelli, Matteo, Walter Quattrociocchi, Alessandro Galeazzi, Carlo Michele Valensise, Emanuele Brugnoli, Ana Lucia Schmidt, Paola Zola, vd. 2020. “The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic”. April. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05004 Coşkun Taştan, Hasan Hüseyin Tekin, Esra Çetinöz ve Ahmet Demirden. 2020. “Kovid-19 Salgını ve Sonrası Psikolojik ve Sosyolojik Değerlendirmeler”, Polis Akademisi Yayınları. 31.
  • Cowling, Benjamin J., Diane M. W. Ng, Dennis K. M. Ip, Quiyan Liao, Wendy W. T. Lam, Joseph T. Wu, Joseph T. F. Lau, vd. 2010. “Community Psychological and Behavioral Responses Through The First Wave of The 2009 Influenza a (H1n1) Pandemic in Hong Kong”. The Journal of infectious diseases. 202/6: 867-876.
  • Enemark, Christian. 2009. “Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat?” Survival Global Politics and Strategy. 51/1: 191-214.
  • Fenichel, Eli P. Nicolai V. Kuminoff and Gerardo Chowell. 2013. “Skip The Trip: Air Travelers' Behavioral Responses to Pandemic Influenza”. PLoS One. 8/3: e58249.
  • Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai and Sandy Cairncross. “Effectiveness of Handwashing in Preventing SARS: a Review”. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 11/11 (2006):1749-1758.
  • Glass, Robert J., Laura M. Glass, Walter E. Beyeler and H. Jason Min. 2006 “Targeted Social Distancing Designs for Pandemic Influenza”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12/11: 1671-1681.
  • Gostin, Lawrence, 2006. “Public Health Strategies for Pandemic Influenza: Ethics and The Law”. JAMA. 295/14: 1700-1704.
  • Huynh, Toan Luu Duc. 2020. “The COVID-19 Risk Perception: A Survey on Socioeconomics and Media Attention”. Economics Bulletin. 40/1: 758-764.
  • Ibuka, Yoko, Gretchen B Chapman, Lauren A Meyers, Meng Li and Alison P. Galvani. 2010. “The Dynamics of Risk Perceptions and Precautionary Behavior in Response to 2009 (H1n1) Pandemic Influenza”. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10/296: 1-11.
  • Jacobs, Jennifer, Melanie Taylor, Kingsley Agho, Garry Stevens, Margo Barr and Beverley Raphael. 2010. “Factors Associated With Increased Risk Perception of Pandemic Influenza in Australia”. Influenza Research and Treatment. 947906: 1-7.
  • Karaoğlu, Nazan, Özlem Coşkun, ve Işıl İrem Budakoğlu, 2017. Meram Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Özanlayışlarına Karşın Yalnızlık, Umutsuzluk ve Anksiyete Düzeyleri. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 16(48), 49-61.
  • Kasapoğlu, Aytül ve Alev Akbal. 2020. “Relational Sociological Analysis of Uncertainties: The Case of COVID-19 in Turkey”. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 7/4: 197-228.
  • Keshky, Mogeda El SayedEl, Abeer Mohammad Alsabbanc and Sawzan Sadaqa Basyounic. 2021. “The Psychological and Social Impacts on Personal Stress for Residents Quarantined for Covid-19 in Saudi Arabia”. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 35/3: 311-316.
  • Kharshiing, Korsi Dorene, Drishti Kashyap, Kaveri Gupta, Masrat Khursheed, Mohammad Ghazi Shahnawaz, Neda Haseeb Khan, Ritika Uniyal, vd. 2021. “Quality of Life in The COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Exploring The Role of Individual and Group Variables”. Community Mental Health Journal. 57: 70-78.
  • Kılıç, Yunus. 2020. Borsa İstanbul’da COVID-19 (koronavirüs) Etkisi. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(1), 66-77.
  • Kim, Eun Ji, Lyndonna Marrast and Joseph Conigliaro. 2020. “COVID-19: Magnifying the Effect of Health Disparities”. J GEN INTERN MED, 35: 2441–2442.
  • King, Daniel L, Paul H. Delfabbro, Joel Billieux and Marc N. Potenza. 2020. “Problematic Online Gaming and The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 9/2: 184-186.
  • Kurtdaş, M. Çağlar. 2020. "Covid-19’un Toplumsal Etkileri Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler." Şehir ve Medeniyet Dergisi Journal of City and Civilization. 1308-8386.
  • Liao, Qiuyan., Benjamin Cowling, Wing Tak Lam and Man Wai Ng. 2010. “Richard Fielding. Situational Awareness and Health Protective Responses to Pandemic Influenza a (H1n1) in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study”. PLoS One. 5/10: e13350.
  • Pietromonaco Paula R. and Nickola Overall. 2021. “Applying Relationship Science to Evaluate How The Covid-19 Pandemic May Impact Couples’ Relationships”. American Psychologist. 76/3: 438-450.
  • Pummerer, Lotte , Robert Böhm, Lau Lilleholt, Kevin Winter, Ingo Zettler and Kai Sassenberg. 2022. “Conspiracy Theories and Their Societal Effects During The COVID-19 Pandemic”. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 13/1: 49–59.
  • Raude, Jocelyn and Michel, Setbon. 2009. “Lay Perceptions of The Pandemic Influenza Threat”. European Journal of Epidemiology. 24/7: 339-342.
  • Resta, Elena, Silvana Mula, Conrad Baldner, Daniela Di Santo, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, vd. 2022. “We are All in The Same Boat’: How Societal Discontent Affects Intention to Help During The Covid-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32/2: 332– 347.
  • Reynolds, Diane, Garay JR, Deamond, SL, Moran, MK, Gold, W. and Styra, R. 2008. “Understanding, Compliance and Psychological Impact of The SARS Quarantine Experience”. Epidemiol Infect. 136/7: 997-1007.
  • Rubin, G.James, Richard Amlot, Lisa Page and Simon Wessely. 2009. “Public Perceptions, Anxiety, And Behavior Change in Relation to The Swine Flu Outbreak: Cross Sectional Telephone Survey”. British Medical Journal. 339/b2651: 1-8. Sahoo Swapnajeet, Susanta Kumar Padhy, Jigyansa Ipsita, Aseem Mehra and Sandeep Grover. 2020. “Demystifying The Myths About Covid-19 Infection and Its Societal Importance”. Asian J Psychiatr. 54: 102244.
  • Sarah, R. Christensen, Emily B. Pilling, J. B. Eyring, Grace Dickerson, Chantel D. Sloan and Brianna M. Magnusson. 2020. “Political and Personal Reactions to Covid-19 During Initial Weeks of Social Distancing in The United States”. PLoS ONE. 15/9: e0239693.
  • Singh, Archana and Nishi Misra. 2009. “Loneliness, Depression and Sociability in Old Age”. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18/1 (2009):51-55.
  • Solomou, Loulia and Fofi Constantinidou. 2020. “Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms During The Covid-19 Pandemic and Compliance With Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17/14: 4924.
  • Sood, Sadhika. 2020. “Psychological Effects of The coronavirus Disease-2019” pandemic. Perspective. 7: 23-26.
  • Tekingündüz, Sabahattin, Aysu, Kurtuldu, ve Türkkan, Işık Erer. 2016. “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Eşitsizlik ve Etik”. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(4), 32-43.
  • Timurtas, Meral., ve Nilay Gemlik. 2021. COVİD-19 Teşhisi Almış ve Almamış Bireylerin Özgecilik Tutumları Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-17.
  • Wang, Cuiyan, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan, Yilin Tan, Linkang X, Cyrus S. Ho and Roger C. Ho. 2020. “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During The Initial Stage of The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Epidemic Among The General Population in China”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17/5; 1729.
  • Watts, Geoff. 2020. “Covid-19 and The Digital Divide in The UK”. Lancet. 2/8: 395-396.
  • Wenjun, Cao, Ziwei Fanga, Guoqiang Hou, Mei Han, Xinrong Xu, Jiaxin Dong and Jianzhong Zheng. “The Psychological Impact of The Covid-19 Epidemic on College Students in China”. Psychiatry Research. 287: 112934.
  • Wiederhold, Brenda K. and Mark D Wiederhold, 2010. “Virtual Reality Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Due to Motor Vehicle Accident”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 13/1: 21-27.
  • Wood, Dennis Patrick, Brenda K. Wiederhold and James Spira. 2010. “Lessons Learned From 350 Virtual-Reality Sessions With Warriors Diagnosed With Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 13/1: 3-11. World Health Organization. 2022. “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard", Son güncelleme 11 Ekim 2022 https://covid19.who.int/
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bayram Demir 0000-0003-2547-2664

Hamza Ateş 0000-0003-0975-0062

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, B., & Ateş, H. (2023). Covıd-19 Pandemisinin Bireysel ve Sosyal Etkileri. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(34), 242-259. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1196521

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Avrasyad''de yayınlanan makaleler, Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır. Bilimsel araştırmaları kamuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyen dergi, tüm içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır. Makalelerdeki fikir ve görüşlerin sorumluluğu sadece yazarlarına ait olup Avrasyad''nin görüşlerini yansıtmazlar. Kullanım Şartları ve Gizlilik Politikası