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Yıl 2023, , 1064 - 1077, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1232961

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altınay, Ayşegül. 2004. The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bağ, Mustafa. 2018. “Bosnalı savaş mağduru kadınlar yaşadıkları acıyı anlatıyor,” Euronews (October 16), https://tr.euronews.com/2018/06/04/tecavuz-magduru-bosnalikadinlariyasadiklaritrajediyi-yillar-sonra-anlatiyor
  • Black, Ian. 2002. “Milosevic tried to build Greater Serbia, trial told,” Guardian (October 2), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/02/warcrimes.milosevictrial
  • Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Carpenter, Charli. 2010. Forgetting Children Born of War: Setting the Human Rights Agenda in Bosnia and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Cigar, Norman L. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Cockburn, Cynthia. 2010. “Militarism and war.” In Gender Matters in Global Politics, eds. Laura J. Shepherd, New York: Routledge: 31-141
  • Delić, Amra, and Esmina Avdibegović. "A user-centred approach to helping women survivors of war rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Trauma, Trust, and Memory. Routledge, 2020. 69-78.
  • Đurić Kuzmanović, Tatjana, and Ana Pajvančić-Cizelj. 2020. “Economic violence against women: Testimonies from the Women’s Court in Sarajevo.” European Journal of Women's Studies 27(1): 25-40.
  • Elson, Diane. 2001. “Gender justice, human rights and neoliberal economic policies.” In: Staab, S. and Razavi, S. (eds), Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Washington, DC: World Bank/Oxford University Press: 37–63
  • Fisher, Siobhan K. 1996. “Occupation of the womb: Forced impregnation as genocide.” Duke Law Journal 46 (91): 91-133.
  • Good, Glenn E. et al. 1995. “Sexual and psychological violence: An exploratory study of predictors in college men.” The Journal of Men’s Studies 4(1): 59-71.
  • Jahn, George. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth." NBCNews (May 31) https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Hankivsky, Olena. 2022. Intersectionality. https://resources.equityinitiative.org/handle/ei/433
  • Hasanović, Mevludin and B. Catic. 2012. “Gender Characteristics of Psychological Consequences of Raped Individuals in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Psychiatry 27(1): 1-1. (doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74855-1)
  • Henigsberg, Neven, Vera Folnegovic-Smalc and Ljiljana Moro. 2001. “Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims.” Croatian Medical Journal 42(5): 543-550.
  • Henry, Nicola. 2016. “Theorizing wartime rape: Deconstructing gender, sexuality, and violence.” Gender & Society 30(1): 44-56.
  • Human Rights Watch. 1996. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm
  • Husić, Sabiha, et al. 2014. “‘We are still alive’: Research on the long-term consequences of war rape and coping strategies of survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Zenica: Medica Mondiale, https://medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/7_Service/1_Mediathek/1_Dokumente/2_English/Documentations_studies/141128_Research_We-Are-Still-Alive_CR-Medica-Zenica_medica-mondiale.pdf
  • Jahn, Geroge. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth,” NBCNews (May 31), https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Iacobelli, Teresa. 2009. “The ‘Sum of Such Actions’: Investigating Mass Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina through a Case Study of Foca,” In Brutality and Desire, eds. Dagmar Herzog, London: Palgrave Macmillan: 261-284.
  • International Center for Transitional Justice. 2009. “Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia.” https://www.ictj.org/publication/transitional-justice-former-yugoslavia
  • Kelleci, Tuğçe. 2017. “Cinsiyetçi Milliyetçilik ve Savaşlarda Cinsel Şiddetin Kullanımı: Bosna Örneği.” Alternatif Politika 9(3): 409-441.
  • Klarić, Miro, et al. 2007. “Psychological consequences of war trauma and postwar social stressors in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 48(2): 167-176.
  • Kostovicova, Denisai Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic and Marsha Henry. 2020. “Drawing on the continuum: a war and post-war political economy of gender-based violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 22(2): 250-272. (doi:10.1080/14616742.2019.1692686)
  • Lončar, Mladen, et al. 2006. “Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991-1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 47(1): 67-75.
  • Mehrhof, Barbara and Pamela Kearon. “Rape: An Act of Terror.” In Radical Feminism, Anne Keodt et al (eds.), New York: Quadrangle Books: 228-233. http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/rf/rape_act_of_terror.pdf
  • Miller, Kenneth E., et al. 2002. “The relative contribution of war experiences and exile‐related stressors to levels of psychological distress among Bosnian refugees.” Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 15(5): 377-387.
  • Mrvic-Petrovic, Natasa. 1995. “A brief history of the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina,” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, eds. Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 7-19
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Definitions of Violence in War and the Experience of Women: the Subject of Research.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 21-35.
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Sexual Violence.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 41-79.
  • Pehlivan, Halime. “Genocidal rape and the invisible children of Bosnia.” TRT World (12 July), https://www.trtworld.com/perspectives/genocidal-rape-and-the-invisible-children-of-bosnia-48312
  • Pugh, Michael. 2002. “Postwar political economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The spoils of peace.” Global Governance 8(4): 467-482.
  • Razavi, Shahra. 2012. “World development report 2012: Gender equality and development—A commentary.” Development and Change 43(1): 423-437.
  • Salzman, Todd. 2001. “Rape Camps, Forced Impregnation and Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia,” In War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution and Other Crimes Against Women, Anne Barstow (eds.), Cleveland: Pilgrim: 70-80.
  • Sarsılmaz, Meltem. 2021. “The pain of systematic rape victims in Bosnia never ends,” Daily Sabah (July 13) https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/the-pain-of-systematic-rape-victims-in-bosnia-never-ends
  • Seifert, Ruth. 1994. “War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis.” In Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Alexandra Stiglmayer (eds.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 54-72.
  • Simic, Olivera. 2016. “Engendering transitional justice: Silence, absence and repair.” Human Rights Review 17(1): 1-8. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-015-0392-0)
  • Skjelsbaek, Inger. 2006. "Victim and survivor: Narrated social identities of women who experienced rape during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Feminism & Psychology 16(4): 373-403.
  • Stiglmayer, Alexandra (eds.). (1994). Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Tabeau, Ewa, Jakub Bijak. 2005. “War-related deaths in the 1992–1995 armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A critique of previous estimates and recent results.” European journal of population/Revue européenne de Démographie 21(2-3): 187-215.
  • UN Women. 2019. The value of intersectionality in understanding violence against women and girls, https://eca.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/10/the-value-of-intersectionality-in-understanding-violence-against-women-and-girls
  • Velioğlu, Halide. 2021. Saraybosna Havası: Bir Gündelik Hayat Etnografisi. Istanbul: İletişim.
  • World Bank. 2022. Female Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=BA
  • Zuvela, Maya. 2009. “Amnesty Urges Justice for Bosnian Rape Victims.” Reuters (September 30), https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLU343558

Bosna'da Cinsiyete Dayalı Şiddet: Bir İnceleme Çalışması

Yıl 2023, , 1064 - 1077, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1232961

Öz

This review article aims to investigate gender-based violence in Bosnia during and after the war. While the previous literature exclusively focuses on the relationship between gender and nationalism, this article attracts attention to the lacking social psychology and political economy perspectives. By adopting a continuum approach, this study uncovers how different forms of violence interact with each other in the case of Bosnian women from conflict to post-conflict settings. In analyzing the accounts of female war victims from secondary sources, this study points out the overlapping processes of gender-based violence from past to present. It is argued that sexual violence during the war has led to symbolic and material violence toward women in the post-war context. Sexual violence during the war constituted the basis of multiple forms of violence towards women in the post-war period, some of which are sequential traumatization, stigmatization, and domestic violence. The displacement and dispossession processes due to the war triggered a spiral of violence in the lives of women. In experiencing a transition from a war economy to a neoliberal economy, the Bosnian state has not been able to provide social protection to women. The economic vulnerability of women has been aggrandized by their unemployment and undereducation in the last decades.

Kaynakça

  • Altınay, Ayşegül. 2004. The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bağ, Mustafa. 2018. “Bosnalı savaş mağduru kadınlar yaşadıkları acıyı anlatıyor,” Euronews (October 16), https://tr.euronews.com/2018/06/04/tecavuz-magduru-bosnalikadinlariyasadiklaritrajediyi-yillar-sonra-anlatiyor
  • Black, Ian. 2002. “Milosevic tried to build Greater Serbia, trial told,” Guardian (October 2), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/02/warcrimes.milosevictrial
  • Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Carpenter, Charli. 2010. Forgetting Children Born of War: Setting the Human Rights Agenda in Bosnia and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Cigar, Norman L. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Cockburn, Cynthia. 2010. “Militarism and war.” In Gender Matters in Global Politics, eds. Laura J. Shepherd, New York: Routledge: 31-141
  • Delić, Amra, and Esmina Avdibegović. "A user-centred approach to helping women survivors of war rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Trauma, Trust, and Memory. Routledge, 2020. 69-78.
  • Đurić Kuzmanović, Tatjana, and Ana Pajvančić-Cizelj. 2020. “Economic violence against women: Testimonies from the Women’s Court in Sarajevo.” European Journal of Women's Studies 27(1): 25-40.
  • Elson, Diane. 2001. “Gender justice, human rights and neoliberal economic policies.” In: Staab, S. and Razavi, S. (eds), Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Washington, DC: World Bank/Oxford University Press: 37–63
  • Fisher, Siobhan K. 1996. “Occupation of the womb: Forced impregnation as genocide.” Duke Law Journal 46 (91): 91-133.
  • Good, Glenn E. et al. 1995. “Sexual and psychological violence: An exploratory study of predictors in college men.” The Journal of Men’s Studies 4(1): 59-71.
  • Jahn, George. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth." NBCNews (May 31) https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Hankivsky, Olena. 2022. Intersectionality. https://resources.equityinitiative.org/handle/ei/433
  • Hasanović, Mevludin and B. Catic. 2012. “Gender Characteristics of Psychological Consequences of Raped Individuals in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Psychiatry 27(1): 1-1. (doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74855-1)
  • Henigsberg, Neven, Vera Folnegovic-Smalc and Ljiljana Moro. 2001. “Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims.” Croatian Medical Journal 42(5): 543-550.
  • Henry, Nicola. 2016. “Theorizing wartime rape: Deconstructing gender, sexuality, and violence.” Gender & Society 30(1): 44-56.
  • Human Rights Watch. 1996. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm
  • Husić, Sabiha, et al. 2014. “‘We are still alive’: Research on the long-term consequences of war rape and coping strategies of survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Zenica: Medica Mondiale, https://medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/7_Service/1_Mediathek/1_Dokumente/2_English/Documentations_studies/141128_Research_We-Are-Still-Alive_CR-Medica-Zenica_medica-mondiale.pdf
  • Jahn, Geroge. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth,” NBCNews (May 31), https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Iacobelli, Teresa. 2009. “The ‘Sum of Such Actions’: Investigating Mass Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina through a Case Study of Foca,” In Brutality and Desire, eds. Dagmar Herzog, London: Palgrave Macmillan: 261-284.
  • International Center for Transitional Justice. 2009. “Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia.” https://www.ictj.org/publication/transitional-justice-former-yugoslavia
  • Kelleci, Tuğçe. 2017. “Cinsiyetçi Milliyetçilik ve Savaşlarda Cinsel Şiddetin Kullanımı: Bosna Örneği.” Alternatif Politika 9(3): 409-441.
  • Klarić, Miro, et al. 2007. “Psychological consequences of war trauma and postwar social stressors in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 48(2): 167-176.
  • Kostovicova, Denisai Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic and Marsha Henry. 2020. “Drawing on the continuum: a war and post-war political economy of gender-based violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 22(2): 250-272. (doi:10.1080/14616742.2019.1692686)
  • Lončar, Mladen, et al. 2006. “Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991-1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 47(1): 67-75.
  • Mehrhof, Barbara and Pamela Kearon. “Rape: An Act of Terror.” In Radical Feminism, Anne Keodt et al (eds.), New York: Quadrangle Books: 228-233. http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/rf/rape_act_of_terror.pdf
  • Miller, Kenneth E., et al. 2002. “The relative contribution of war experiences and exile‐related stressors to levels of psychological distress among Bosnian refugees.” Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 15(5): 377-387.
  • Mrvic-Petrovic, Natasa. 1995. “A brief history of the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina,” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, eds. Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 7-19
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Definitions of Violence in War and the Experience of Women: the Subject of Research.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 21-35.
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Sexual Violence.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 41-79.
  • Pehlivan, Halime. “Genocidal rape and the invisible children of Bosnia.” TRT World (12 July), https://www.trtworld.com/perspectives/genocidal-rape-and-the-invisible-children-of-bosnia-48312
  • Pugh, Michael. 2002. “Postwar political economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The spoils of peace.” Global Governance 8(4): 467-482.
  • Razavi, Shahra. 2012. “World development report 2012: Gender equality and development—A commentary.” Development and Change 43(1): 423-437.
  • Salzman, Todd. 2001. “Rape Camps, Forced Impregnation and Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia,” In War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution and Other Crimes Against Women, Anne Barstow (eds.), Cleveland: Pilgrim: 70-80.
  • Sarsılmaz, Meltem. 2021. “The pain of systematic rape victims in Bosnia never ends,” Daily Sabah (July 13) https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/the-pain-of-systematic-rape-victims-in-bosnia-never-ends
  • Seifert, Ruth. 1994. “War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis.” In Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Alexandra Stiglmayer (eds.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 54-72.
  • Simic, Olivera. 2016. “Engendering transitional justice: Silence, absence and repair.” Human Rights Review 17(1): 1-8. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-015-0392-0)
  • Skjelsbaek, Inger. 2006. "Victim and survivor: Narrated social identities of women who experienced rape during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Feminism & Psychology 16(4): 373-403.
  • Stiglmayer, Alexandra (eds.). (1994). Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Tabeau, Ewa, Jakub Bijak. 2005. “War-related deaths in the 1992–1995 armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A critique of previous estimates and recent results.” European journal of population/Revue européenne de Démographie 21(2-3): 187-215.
  • UN Women. 2019. The value of intersectionality in understanding violence against women and girls, https://eca.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/10/the-value-of-intersectionality-in-understanding-violence-against-women-and-girls
  • Velioğlu, Halide. 2021. Saraybosna Havası: Bir Gündelik Hayat Etnografisi. Istanbul: İletişim.
  • World Bank. 2022. Female Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=BA
  • Zuvela, Maya. 2009. “Amnesty Urges Justice for Bosnian Rape Victims.” Reuters (September 30), https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLU343558

Gender-Based Violence in Bosnia From Conflict to The Post-Conflict Setting

Yıl 2023, , 1064 - 1077, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1232961

Öz

This review article aims to investigate gender-based violence in wartime and post-war Bosnia. While the existing literature exclusively focuses on the relationship between gender and nationalism, this article rather addresses the psychological and economic violence against women in Bosnia. By adopting a continuum approach, this study uncovers how different forms of violence against women interact with each other from the conflict to the post-conflict contexts. Through a literature survey, this study depicts how gender-based violence has been reproduced from past to present in the case of Bosnia. In discussing gender-based violence, it dwells upon the intersections between mass rapes, forced pregnancy and traumatization. As the main argument, this article contends that sexual violence during the war triggered the spiral of violence and further led to stigmatization and marginalization of these women in the post-war context. It is especially argued that the persistent public stigma is the most blatant manifestation of psychological violence against female rape victims. In addition, it is shown that the overlapping processes of conflict, patriarchy and neoliberalization have led to a series of economic injustices, such as, in the form of the dispossession, poverty and exclusion of women in Bosnia. This article overall suggests establishing linkages between sexual, psychological and economic violence against women during the conflict and post-conflict processes.

Kaynakça

  • Altınay, Ayşegül. 2004. The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bağ, Mustafa. 2018. “Bosnalı savaş mağduru kadınlar yaşadıkları acıyı anlatıyor,” Euronews (October 16), https://tr.euronews.com/2018/06/04/tecavuz-magduru-bosnalikadinlariyasadiklaritrajediyi-yillar-sonra-anlatiyor
  • Black, Ian. 2002. “Milosevic tried to build Greater Serbia, trial told,” Guardian (October 2), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/02/warcrimes.milosevictrial
  • Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Carpenter, Charli. 2010. Forgetting Children Born of War: Setting the Human Rights Agenda in Bosnia and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Cigar, Norman L. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Cockburn, Cynthia. 2010. “Militarism and war.” In Gender Matters in Global Politics, eds. Laura J. Shepherd, New York: Routledge: 31-141
  • Delić, Amra, and Esmina Avdibegović. "A user-centred approach to helping women survivors of war rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Trauma, Trust, and Memory. Routledge, 2020. 69-78.
  • Đurić Kuzmanović, Tatjana, and Ana Pajvančić-Cizelj. 2020. “Economic violence against women: Testimonies from the Women’s Court in Sarajevo.” European Journal of Women's Studies 27(1): 25-40.
  • Elson, Diane. 2001. “Gender justice, human rights and neoliberal economic policies.” In: Staab, S. and Razavi, S. (eds), Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Washington, DC: World Bank/Oxford University Press: 37–63
  • Fisher, Siobhan K. 1996. “Occupation of the womb: Forced impregnation as genocide.” Duke Law Journal 46 (91): 91-133.
  • Good, Glenn E. et al. 1995. “Sexual and psychological violence: An exploratory study of predictors in college men.” The Journal of Men’s Studies 4(1): 59-71.
  • Jahn, George. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth." NBCNews (May 31) https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Hankivsky, Olena. 2022. Intersectionality. https://resources.equityinitiative.org/handle/ei/433
  • Hasanović, Mevludin and B. Catic. 2012. “Gender Characteristics of Psychological Consequences of Raped Individuals in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Psychiatry 27(1): 1-1. (doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74855-1)
  • Henigsberg, Neven, Vera Folnegovic-Smalc and Ljiljana Moro. 2001. “Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims.” Croatian Medical Journal 42(5): 543-550.
  • Henry, Nicola. 2016. “Theorizing wartime rape: Deconstructing gender, sexuality, and violence.” Gender & Society 30(1): 44-56.
  • Human Rights Watch. 1996. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm
  • Husić, Sabiha, et al. 2014. “‘We are still alive’: Research on the long-term consequences of war rape and coping strategies of survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Zenica: Medica Mondiale, https://medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/7_Service/1_Mediathek/1_Dokumente/2_English/Documentations_studies/141128_Research_We-Are-Still-Alive_CR-Medica-Zenica_medica-mondiale.pdf
  • Jahn, Geroge. 2005. “Bosnian Children Born of War Rape Asking Questions: More than a decade later, some learn painful truth,” NBCNews (May 31), https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8007740
  • Iacobelli, Teresa. 2009. “The ‘Sum of Such Actions’: Investigating Mass Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina through a Case Study of Foca,” In Brutality and Desire, eds. Dagmar Herzog, London: Palgrave Macmillan: 261-284.
  • International Center for Transitional Justice. 2009. “Transitional Justice in the Former Yugoslavia.” https://www.ictj.org/publication/transitional-justice-former-yugoslavia
  • Kelleci, Tuğçe. 2017. “Cinsiyetçi Milliyetçilik ve Savaşlarda Cinsel Şiddetin Kullanımı: Bosna Örneği.” Alternatif Politika 9(3): 409-441.
  • Klarić, Miro, et al. 2007. “Psychological consequences of war trauma and postwar social stressors in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 48(2): 167-176.
  • Kostovicova, Denisai Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic and Marsha Henry. 2020. “Drawing on the continuum: a war and post-war political economy of gender-based violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 22(2): 250-272. (doi:10.1080/14616742.2019.1692686)
  • Lončar, Mladen, et al. 2006. “Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991-1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Croatian Medical Journal 47(1): 67-75.
  • Mehrhof, Barbara and Pamela Kearon. “Rape: An Act of Terror.” In Radical Feminism, Anne Keodt et al (eds.), New York: Quadrangle Books: 228-233. http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/rf/rape_act_of_terror.pdf
  • Miller, Kenneth E., et al. 2002. “The relative contribution of war experiences and exile‐related stressors to levels of psychological distress among Bosnian refugees.” Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 15(5): 377-387.
  • Mrvic-Petrovic, Natasa. 1995. “A brief history of the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina,” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, eds. Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 7-19
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Definitions of Violence in War and the Experience of Women: the Subject of Research.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 21-35.
  • Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. 2000. “Sexual Violence.” In Women, violence and war: Wartime victimization of refugees in the Balkans, Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (eds.), Budapest: CEU Press: 41-79.
  • Pehlivan, Halime. “Genocidal rape and the invisible children of Bosnia.” TRT World (12 July), https://www.trtworld.com/perspectives/genocidal-rape-and-the-invisible-children-of-bosnia-48312
  • Pugh, Michael. 2002. “Postwar political economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The spoils of peace.” Global Governance 8(4): 467-482.
  • Razavi, Shahra. 2012. “World development report 2012: Gender equality and development—A commentary.” Development and Change 43(1): 423-437.
  • Salzman, Todd. 2001. “Rape Camps, Forced Impregnation and Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia,” In War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution and Other Crimes Against Women, Anne Barstow (eds.), Cleveland: Pilgrim: 70-80.
  • Sarsılmaz, Meltem. 2021. “The pain of systematic rape victims in Bosnia never ends,” Daily Sabah (July 13) https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/the-pain-of-systematic-rape-victims-in-bosnia-never-ends
  • Seifert, Ruth. 1994. “War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis.” In Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Alexandra Stiglmayer (eds.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 54-72.
  • Simic, Olivera. 2016. “Engendering transitional justice: Silence, absence and repair.” Human Rights Review 17(1): 1-8. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-015-0392-0)
  • Skjelsbaek, Inger. 2006. "Victim and survivor: Narrated social identities of women who experienced rape during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Feminism & Psychology 16(4): 373-403.
  • Stiglmayer, Alexandra (eds.). (1994). Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Tabeau, Ewa, Jakub Bijak. 2005. “War-related deaths in the 1992–1995 armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A critique of previous estimates and recent results.” European journal of population/Revue européenne de Démographie 21(2-3): 187-215.
  • UN Women. 2019. The value of intersectionality in understanding violence against women and girls, https://eca.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/10/the-value-of-intersectionality-in-understanding-violence-against-women-and-girls
  • Velioğlu, Halide. 2021. Saraybosna Havası: Bir Gündelik Hayat Etnografisi. Istanbul: İletişim.
  • World Bank. 2022. Female Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=BA
  • Zuvela, Maya. 2009. “Amnesty Urges Justice for Bosnian Rape Victims.” Reuters (September 30), https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLU343558
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji, Cinsiyet Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İbrahim Kuran 0000-0002-4739-2828

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuran, İ. (2023). Gender-Based Violence in Bosnia From Conflict to The Post-Conflict Setting. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(35), 1064-1077. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1232961

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Avrasyad''de yayınlanan makaleler, Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır. Bilimsel araştırmaları kamuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyen dergi, tüm içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır. Makalelerdeki fikir ve görüşlerin sorumluluğu sadece yazarlarına ait olup Avrasyad''nin görüşlerini yansıtmazlar. Kullanım Şartları ve Gizlilik Politikası