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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE

Cilt: 13 Sayı: 44 15 Eylül 2025
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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE

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This study examines the historically and structurally multilayered nature of civil-military relations in Turkey through a theoretical analysis centered on the May 27, 1960 military coup. Five major theories that stand out in the literatüre -Huntington’s Institutional Distinction Theory, Janowitz’s Professional Soldier Theory, Schiff’s Concordance Theory, Feaver’s Agency Theory, and Bland’s Shared Responsibility Theory- are first analyzed theoretically, and then their explanatory capacity in the Turkish context is evaluated. Each theory analyzes civil-military relations through a distinct conceptual framework based on the legitimacy of political authority, military loyalty, institutional control mechanisms, and cultural/social cohesion. However, in a country like Turkey—where the military bureaucracy has played not only a technical but also an ideological role, where modernization occurred late, and where secularization was implemented top-down—these theories fall short of providing comprehensive explanations. This limitation stems from the fact that most of these theories are built upon the conditions of consolidated Western democracies. The article critically discusses how these theories function in explaining developments in the Turkish context by examining the practices of the Democrat Party (DP) government prior to the 1960 coup, unrest within the military, and the deepening of societal polarization. Feaver’s concepts of “shirking” and “monitoring” are employed to explain events ranging from the coup proposal made to İnönü to the DP’s mechanisms of military oversight. Schiff’s emphasis on institutional concordance is used to illustrate how the consensus among the military, civilian elites, and the public was gradually undermined. Janowitz’s focus on civil-societal integration sheds light on the sociological dynamics behind the military’s perception of the DP’s religiously oriented policies as a threat. By demonstrating the inadequacies of these theoretical frameworks in the Turkish case, the study argues that understanding civil-military relations requires not only a focus on institutional arrangements and legal frameworks but also attention to historical identities, ideological cleavages, and the cultural codes through which society perceives military actors. The study concludes that establishing sustainable and democratic civil-military relations in Turkey depends not only on constitutional arrangements, but also on building institutional trust, fostering a sense of mutual responsibility, and legitimizing military reforms in the eyes of the public—all of which require a multidimensional approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Ahmad, Feroz. 2014. Bir Kimlik Peşinde Türkiye (5th ed., Trans. Sedat Cem Karadeli, Eds. Sacit Kutlu & Aslı Yalkut). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  2. Akyürek, Salih, Serap, Koydemir, Atalay, Esra and Bıçaksız, Adnan. 2014. Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Ordu-Toplum Mesafesi. Ankara: Bilgesam Yayınları.
  3. Alabarda, Yusuf. 2016. “Demokratik Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Kapsamında TSK’nın Dönüşümü”. Liberal Düşünce, 84, 5–17.
  4. Ateş, Barış. 2022. “A Sociological Study of The Military Profession in Turkey: Profession, Duty, Or Lifestyle?”, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 42(1): 21–44.
  5. Aydemir, Şevket Süreyya. 1969. Menderes’in Dramı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  6. Bağlum, Kemal. 1991. Anıpolitik (1945–1960) (1st ed.). Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  7. Balcı, Ali. 2015. Dış Politikada Hesaplaşmak: Ak Parti, Ordu ve Kemalizm. İstanbul: Etkileşim Yayınları.
  8. Başgil, Ali Fuat. 2017. 27 Mayıs İhtilali ve Sebepleri (7th Ed., Trans. Cemal Aydın). İstanbul: Yağmur Yayınevi.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Türk Siyasal Hayatı

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

12 Eylül 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Eylül 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Nisan 2025

Kabul Tarihi

16 Haziran 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

APA
Senemoğlu, O., & Bükrücü Kazkondu, Ş. (2025). THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(44), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1677368
AMA
1.Senemoğlu O, Bükrücü Kazkondu Ş. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE. Avrasyad. 2025;13(44):171-201. doi:10.33692/avrasyad.1677368
Chicago
Senemoğlu, Olkan, ve Şeyda Bükrücü Kazkondu. 2025. “THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE”. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 13 (44): 171-201. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1677368.
EndNote
Senemoğlu O, Bükrücü Kazkondu Ş (01 Eylül 2025) THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 13 44 171–201.
IEEE
[1]O. Senemoğlu ve Ş. Bükrücü Kazkondu, “THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE”, Avrasyad, c. 13, sy 44, ss. 171–201, Eyl. 2025, doi: 10.33692/avrasyad.1677368.
ISNAD
Senemoğlu, Olkan - Bükrücü Kazkondu, Şeyda. “THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE”. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 13/44 (01 Eylül 2025): 171-201. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1677368.
JAMA
1.Senemoğlu O, Bükrücü Kazkondu Ş. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE. Avrasyad. 2025;13:171–201.
MLA
Senemoğlu, Olkan, ve Şeyda Bükrücü Kazkondu. “THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE”. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 13, sy 44, Eylül 2025, ss. 171-0, doi:10.33692/avrasyad.1677368.
Vancouver
1.Olkan Senemoğlu, Şeyda Bükrücü Kazkondu. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE CASE OF THE 1960 COUP IN TURKIYE. Avrasyad. 01 Eylül 2025;13(44):171-20. doi:10.33692/avrasyad.1677368

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