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RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CO₂ EMISSIONS: A CASE STUDY OF TURKIYE (1985-2022)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1450 - 1472, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1514919

Öz

The intricate interconnection between economic expansion and environmental protection continues to be a significant area of academic enquiry and policy debate. By analyzing the impact of economic expansion and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on this topic from a Turkish perspective. The study employs theoretical frameworks such as the N-shaped variant of the Kuznets curve hypothesis, in conjunction with considerations of renewable energy integration and population dynamics, to provide nuanced perspectives on Turkey's environmental-economic landscape. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests were used to examine unit roots, followed by the application of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology for econometric estimation. The bounds test confirmed a long-run cointegrating relationship among the variables. Diagnostic tests validated the robustness of the estimation, while the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests indicated stable coefficients over time, with no signs of instability.Empirical results suggest that the N-shaped Kuznets curve hypothesis is relevant in Turkey. An initial exacerbation of environmental degradation occurred, followed by amelioration as economic maturity ensued. Furthermore, the study suggests that sustainable energy sources warrant greater consideration in national energy strategies, given the potential of renewable energy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Kaynakça

  • Akbostanci, E., Türüt-Aşik, S., & Tunç, G. I. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy, 37(3), 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.088
  • Ali, H. S., Nathaniel, S. P., Uzuner, G., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Trivariate modelling of the nexus between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic growth in Nigeria: fresh insights from Maki Cointegration and causality tests. Heliyon, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03400
  • Allard, A., Takman, J., Uddin, G. S., & Ahmed, A. (2018). The N-shaped environmental kuznets curve: an empirical evaluation using a panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(6), 5848–5861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0907-0
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
  • Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 60, pp. 953–959). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.123
  • Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., & Masood, T. (2021). Do renewable energy and globalization enhance ecological footprint: an analysis of top renewable energy countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(6), 6719–6732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10786-0
  • Başar, S., & Temurlenk, M. S. (2010). Çevreye uyarlanmış kuznets eğrisi: türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1–12.
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental kuznets curve in Turkey: An ARDL approach. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 52, pp. 587–595). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.138
  • Çağlar, A. E., & Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets hipotezi ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin karbon salımı üzerine etkisi: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21–21. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307485
  • Ceylan, R., & Karaağaç, G. E. (2020). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin test edilmesi: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme testi ile hata düzeltme modelinden kanıtlar. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 7(2), 75–85.
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Erat, V., Alma Savaş, D., & Savaş, Y. (2023). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin analizi: dalgacık yöntemi yaklaşımı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 1608–1626. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1282249
  • Erdoğan, İ., Türköz, K., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2015). çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin türkiye ekonomisi için geçerliliği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44.
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (3914; NBER Working Papers).
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1994). Economic growth and the environment. In The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Vol. 110, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3386/w4634
  • Güzel, F. (2021). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin türkiye ekonomisinde geçerliliğinin ampirik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 30, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.728066
  • Hanif, I. (2017). Economics-energy-environment nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy, 141, 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.054
  • Kazemi, S., & Mousavi, S. N. (2015). The Effect of trade on the environment based on the environmental kuznets curve. In Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 10(10)
  • Khan, I., Lei, H., Ali, I., Ji, X., Sharif, A., Elkhrachy, I., & Khan, I. (2023). Striving for carbon neutrality and economic prosperity in the top ten emitting countries: Testing N shape Kuznets curve hypothesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139641
  • Kılıç, R., & Akalın, G. (2016). Türkiye’de çevre ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.389162
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043–29054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09172-7
  • Kocak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62–73. http://www.isletmeiktisat.com
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2020). Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization. International Economics, 164, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.07.001
  • Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. Bin, & Sun, C. H. (2010). The environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy, 38(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.004
  • Loi, B., & Duy, N. (2010). The impact of trade liberalization on the environment in some East Asian countries: an empirical study.
  • Nathaniel, S. P., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Electricity consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in Nigeria: New insights from combined cointegration amidst structural breaks. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2102
  • Our World in Data. (2023). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org
  • Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. In Cogent Engineering (Vol. 3, Issue 1). Cogent OA. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
  • Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental kuznets curve. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 72, pp. 639–647). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
  • Özpolat, A., & Nakıpoğlu Özsoy, F. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları çevresel bozulmayı azaltıyor mu? Türkiye örneği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 13(24), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.794600
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Linking renewable energy, globalization, agriculture, CO2 emissions and ecological footprint in BRIC countries: A sustainability perspective. Renewable Energy, 173, 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.125
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science of The Total Environment, 646, 862–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecological Indicators, 52, 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.025
  • Usman, O., Akadiri, S. Saint, & Adeshola, I. (2020). Role of renewable energy and globalization on ecological footprint in the USA: implications for environmental sustainability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(24), 30681–30693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09170-9
  • Wang, Y., Han, R., & Kubota, J. (2016). Is there an environmental kuznets curve for SO2 emissions? A semi-parametric panel data analysis for China. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 54, pp. 1182–1188). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.143
  • World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx
  • Xue, L., Haseeb, M., Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Murshed, M. (2021). Renewable energy use and ecological footprints mitigation: Evidence from selected south asian economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041613
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15162–15173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w

YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ VE CO₂ EMİSYONU: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLEMİ (1985-2022)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1450 - 1472, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1514919

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme ile çevre koruma arasındaki karmaşık ilişki, akademik araştırmaların ve politika tartışmalarının önemli bir alanı olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu makale, ekonomik büyümenin ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkisini analiz ederek, bu konuya Türkiye perspektifinden katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Türkiye'nin çevresel-ekonomik manzarasına dair ayrıntılı bir bakış sunmak için, nüfus dinamiklerinin yanı sıra yenilenebilir enerji entegrasyonu ile ilgili unsurları ve ters N biçimli Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi gibi teorik çerçeveleri kullanmaktadır. Birim kökleri incelemek amacıyla Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron (PP) testleri uygulanmış, ardından ekonometrik tahmin için Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif (ARDL) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bounds testi, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisini doğrulamıştır. Diagnostik testler tahminlerin güvenilirliğini doğrularken, CUSUM ve CUSUMSQ testleri zaman içinde katsayıların sabit olduğunu ve herhangi bir dengesizlik işareti bulunmadığını göstermiştir. Ampirik bulgular, Türkiye'de N biçimli Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Çevresel bozulmanın başlangıçta kötüleştiği, ancak ekonomik olgunlaşma süreciyle birlikte iyileşme sağlandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma, karbon dioksit emisyonlarını azaltma potansiyeline sahip olan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının ulusal enerji stratejilerinde daha fazla dikkate alınması gerektiğini önermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akbostanci, E., Türüt-Aşik, S., & Tunç, G. I. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy, 37(3), 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.088
  • Ali, H. S., Nathaniel, S. P., Uzuner, G., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Trivariate modelling of the nexus between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic growth in Nigeria: fresh insights from Maki Cointegration and causality tests. Heliyon, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03400
  • Allard, A., Takman, J., Uddin, G. S., & Ahmed, A. (2018). The N-shaped environmental kuznets curve: an empirical evaluation using a panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(6), 5848–5861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0907-0
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
  • Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 60, pp. 953–959). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.123
  • Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., & Masood, T. (2021). Do renewable energy and globalization enhance ecological footprint: an analysis of top renewable energy countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(6), 6719–6732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10786-0
  • Başar, S., & Temurlenk, M. S. (2010). Çevreye uyarlanmış kuznets eğrisi: türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1–12.
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental kuznets curve in Turkey: An ARDL approach. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 52, pp. 587–595). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.138
  • Çağlar, A. E., & Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets hipotezi ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin karbon salımı üzerine etkisi: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21–21. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307485
  • Ceylan, R., & Karaağaç, G. E. (2020). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin test edilmesi: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme testi ile hata düzeltme modelinden kanıtlar. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 7(2), 75–85.
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Erat, V., Alma Savaş, D., & Savaş, Y. (2023). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve ekolojik ayak izi arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin analizi: dalgacık yöntemi yaklaşımı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 1608–1626. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1282249
  • Erdoğan, İ., Türköz, K., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2015). çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin türkiye ekonomisi için geçerliliği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44.
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (3914; NBER Working Papers).
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1994). Economic growth and the environment. In The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Vol. 110, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3386/w4634
  • Güzel, F. (2021). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin türkiye ekonomisinde geçerliliğinin ampirik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 30, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.728066
  • Hanif, I. (2017). Economics-energy-environment nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy, 141, 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.054
  • Kazemi, S., & Mousavi, S. N. (2015). The Effect of trade on the environment based on the environmental kuznets curve. In Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 10(10)
  • Khan, I., Lei, H., Ali, I., Ji, X., Sharif, A., Elkhrachy, I., & Khan, I. (2023). Striving for carbon neutrality and economic prosperity in the top ten emitting countries: Testing N shape Kuznets curve hypothesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139641
  • Kılıç, R., & Akalın, G. (2016). Türkiye’de çevre ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.389162
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043–29054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09172-7
  • Kocak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62–73. http://www.isletmeiktisat.com
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.
  • Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2020). Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization. International Economics, 164, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.07.001
  • Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. Bin, & Sun, C. H. (2010). The environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy, 38(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.004
  • Loi, B., & Duy, N. (2010). The impact of trade liberalization on the environment in some East Asian countries: an empirical study.
  • Nathaniel, S. P., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Electricity consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in Nigeria: New insights from combined cointegration amidst structural breaks. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2102
  • Our World in Data. (2023). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org
  • Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. In Cogent Engineering (Vol. 3, Issue 1). Cogent OA. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
  • Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental kuznets curve. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 72, pp. 639–647). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
  • Özpolat, A., & Nakıpoğlu Özsoy, F. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları çevresel bozulmayı azaltıyor mu? Türkiye örneği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 13(24), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.794600
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Linking renewable energy, globalization, agriculture, CO2 emissions and ecological footprint in BRIC countries: A sustainability perspective. Renewable Energy, 173, 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.125
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science of The Total Environment, 646, 862–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
  • Shahbaz, M., Mallick, H., Mahalik, M. K., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecological Indicators, 52, 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.025
  • Usman, O., Akadiri, S. Saint, & Adeshola, I. (2020). Role of renewable energy and globalization on ecological footprint in the USA: implications for environmental sustainability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(24), 30681–30693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09170-9
  • Wang, Y., Han, R., & Kubota, J. (2016). Is there an environmental kuznets curve for SO2 emissions? A semi-parametric panel data analysis for China. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 54, pp. 1182–1188). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.143
  • World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx
  • Xue, L., Haseeb, M., Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Murshed, M. (2021). Renewable energy use and ecological footprints mitigation: Evidence from selected south asian economies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041613
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15162–15173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mikroekonomik Teori
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dilek Alma Savaş 0000-0001-6246-8539

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Alma Savaş, D. (2024). RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CO₂ EMISSIONS: A CASE STUDY OF TURKIYE (1985-2022). Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(3), 1450-1472. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1514919