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İspanya’da Gastronomi Turizminin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Gastrodiplomasi Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 239 - 262, 29.06.2022

Öz

Ülkelerin gastronomi çeşitliliği kültürün bir parçasıdır. Kültürün gelişimi uzun süreçlerin ve tarihsel olayların yönlendirmesiyle olduğu gibi gastronominin gelişimi de asırlar süren süreçlerden oluşur. Günümüzde gastronomi zenginliği ülkelerin turizmde başarısı için daha büyük bir avantaja dönüşmektedir. Gastronomi turizm gelirlerini arttırmakta anahtar rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle ekonomileri turizme bel bağlayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler için turizmi geliştirmenin yeni yolları aranmaktadır. Hali hazırda gastronomisi uluslararası tanınırlığa ulaşmış ülkeler tarihlerinde başarının ipuçlarını saklamaktadır. Günümüzde İspanya turizm sektöründe dünyanın en önde gelen ülkeleri arasındadır. Bu başarıda rol oynayan gastronominin tarihsel gelişimini incelemek turizmde başarının yollarına ışık tutacaktır. Bu çalışmamın amacı, İspanyol gastronomisinin tarihsel gelişiminde rol oynayan bileşenleri incelemek ve günümüzde devletin desteği ile yürütülen gastrodiplomasi uygulamaları olarak kabul edilen eylemleri İspanyol gastronomisinin gelişimi ile karşılaştırmaktır

Kaynakça

  • Aguirregoitia-Martínez, A., Fernández-Poyatos, M. D. (2017). The Gestation of Modern Gastronomy in Spain (1900-1936). Culture and History Digital Journal, 6(2), e019. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2017.019
  • Alimentarium (2021). Dietary prohibitions- Judaism- mixing of meat and dairy. https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/dietary-prohibitions-judaism-mixing-meat-and-dairy
  • Alum, M. (2016). Expofooding. https://www.culinaryspain.es/2016/04/expofooding/#.YfAmXupBzyR
  • Avey, T. (2021). Explore The Delicious History of Ice Cream. https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/explore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream/ Avrupa Birliği [EU] (2021). The history of the European Union - 1986. https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1980-1989/1986_en
  • Avrupa Komisyonu [EC] (2020). Producing 69% of the world’s production, the EU is the largest producer of olive oil. https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/producing-69-worlds-production-eu-largest-producer-olive-oil-2020-feb-04_en
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  • BBC (2019). Top 10 foods to try in Spain. https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-spain
  • Becchi, M. (2016). Travel. Castilla-León: the mushroom tradition and nature of Soria. https://www.gamberorossointernational.com/news/travel-castilla-leon-the-mushroom-tradition-and-nature-of-soria/
  • Bilingua (2018). A Deep Look into Arabic Influence on Spanish. https://bilingua.io/a-deep-look-into-arabic-influence-on-spanish#:~:text=Arabic%20influence%20on%20Spanish%20cooking%20Spanish%20cooking%20depicts,Spanish%20cooking%20also%20originated%20from%20the%20Arab%20countries.
  • BloombergHT (2018). Ayhan Sicimoğlu ile Renkler - Barcelona (4.Bölüm). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpKzIFeb6bs
  • Bowman, J. (2014). Five Reasons We Should Always Eat Fish on Fridays. https://catholicvote.org/five-reasons-we-should-always-eat-fish-on-fridays/?fbclid=IwAR3S--WQbCo6DvMAl8AZ8QquNOHRWp8gDxtjBO07fXbFmZtF2kpAoTJjnH8
  • Brunat, D. (2017). Los chefs Michelin defienden tener becarios sin cobrar: "Para ellos es un privilegio". https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-05-01/michelin-arzak-munoz-masterchef-defienden-becarios-alta-cocina_1375118/
  • Catalan News (2012). One-thousand years old olive oil suffers from drought. https://www.catalannews.com/life-style/item/one-thousand-years-old-olive-oil-suffers-from-drought
  • Catalan News (2020). Michelin Restaurants Catalonia 2019. https://www.catalannews.com/culture/item/interactive-map-of-all-michelin-starred-restaurants-in-catalonia
  • Club Jamonarium (2021). About Spanish Ham: Bellota, Iberico, pata negra & Serrano.https://www.jamonarium.com/en/cms/7/information-ham-iberico-bellota-serrano-pata-negra
  • Conexio (2019). Olive Cultivation in Turkey. https://www.conexioconsulting.com/tr/olive-cultivation-in-turkey/#:~:text=95%25%20of%20the%20olive%20oil,in%20the%20world%20olive%20production
  • Country Studies (2021). Tourism. http://countrystudies.us/spain/69.htm
  • Cuina Catalana (2021). Qui som? https://www.cuinacatalana.eu/ca/pag/ficc-qui-som/
  • Deliboran, A., Savran, K., Dursun, Ö., Eralp, Ö., Pekcan, T., Turan, H. S., Aydoğdu, E., Çılgın, İ., Ataol Ölmez, H., Savran, Ş., Nacar, A. S. (2019). Muğla İlinde Yetiştirilen Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Ağaçlarının Bor ve Mikro Elementler Yönünden Beslenme Durumunun Belirlenmesi, Yaprak ve Toprak İlişkileri. Uluslararası Anadolu Ziraat Mühendisliği Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(5), 126-140
  • Demirer, K. (2018). Kaya Demirer Zirve Açılış Konuşması. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpTXmeT31pA
  • Donquijote (2021). The Spanish Golden Age (1492-1659) saw the rise of famed figures such as Columbus, Velázquez, and Cervantes. https://www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/history/spanish-golden-age/
  • Dünya Gıda Seyahat Birliği [WFTA] (2020). The Economic Impact of Food Tourism. https://worldfoodtravel.org/news-the-economic-impact-of-food-tourism/#:~:text=By%20our%20estimate%2C%20visitors%20spend,spent%20by%20travelers%20in%20general.
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  • Erke, E. (2020). Sorbe deyince havalı, şerbet deyince demode mi? https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/ebru-erke/sorbe-deyince-havali-serbet-deyince-demode-mi-41519333
  • Farina, F. (2018). Japan's gastrodiplomacy as soft power: global washoku and national food security. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 17(1), 152-167.
  • Fariñas, T. (2015). Gastro Marca España originates to promote the country’s gastronomic potential. https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/11/nace-gastro-marca-espana-para-fomentar-el-potencial-gastronomico-del-pais-2/
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Historical Development of Gastro-Tourism in Spain and Evaluation of Gastrodiplomacy

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 239 - 262, 29.06.2022

Öz

The gastronomic variety of the countries is a part of the culture. The development of culture is driven by long processes and historical events as well as the development of gastronomy is comprised of centuries of processes. The wealth of gastronomy turns into a greater advantage for the success of countries in the field of tourism. Gastronomy plays a key role in increasing tourism revenues. Especially for developing countries whose economies rely on tourism, new ways to develop tourism are sought. Countries whose gastronomy has already achieved international recognition keep the clues of success in their history. In the present time, Spain is among the countries in the world leading in tourism sector. Examining the historical development of gastronomy, which plays a role in this success, will shed light on the ways of success in tourism. The aim of this study is to examine the components that play a role in the historical development of Spanish gastronomy and to compare the actions accepted as gastrodiplomacy practices carried out with the support of the state with the development of Spanish gastronomy

Kaynakça

  • Aguirregoitia-Martínez, A., Fernández-Poyatos, M. D. (2017). The Gestation of Modern Gastronomy in Spain (1900-1936). Culture and History Digital Journal, 6(2), e019. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2017.019
  • Alimentarium (2021). Dietary prohibitions- Judaism- mixing of meat and dairy. https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/dietary-prohibitions-judaism-mixing-meat-and-dairy
  • Alum, M. (2016). Expofooding. https://www.culinaryspain.es/2016/04/expofooding/#.YfAmXupBzyR
  • Avey, T. (2021). Explore The Delicious History of Ice Cream. https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/explore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream/ Avrupa Birliği [EU] (2021). The history of the European Union - 1986. https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1980-1989/1986_en
  • Avrupa Komisyonu [EC] (2020). Producing 69% of the world’s production, the EU is the largest producer of olive oil. https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/producing-69-worlds-production-eu-largest-producer-olive-oil-2020-feb-04_en
  • BBC (2011). El Bulli, 'world's best restaurant', closes. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14352973
  • BBC (2019). Top 10 foods to try in Spain. https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-spain
  • Becchi, M. (2016). Travel. Castilla-León: the mushroom tradition and nature of Soria. https://www.gamberorossointernational.com/news/travel-castilla-leon-the-mushroom-tradition-and-nature-of-soria/
  • Bilingua (2018). A Deep Look into Arabic Influence on Spanish. https://bilingua.io/a-deep-look-into-arabic-influence-on-spanish#:~:text=Arabic%20influence%20on%20Spanish%20cooking%20Spanish%20cooking%20depicts,Spanish%20cooking%20also%20originated%20from%20the%20Arab%20countries.
  • BloombergHT (2018). Ayhan Sicimoğlu ile Renkler - Barcelona (4.Bölüm). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpKzIFeb6bs
  • Bowman, J. (2014). Five Reasons We Should Always Eat Fish on Fridays. https://catholicvote.org/five-reasons-we-should-always-eat-fish-on-fridays/?fbclid=IwAR3S--WQbCo6DvMAl8AZ8QquNOHRWp8gDxtjBO07fXbFmZtF2kpAoTJjnH8
  • Brunat, D. (2017). Los chefs Michelin defienden tener becarios sin cobrar: "Para ellos es un privilegio". https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-05-01/michelin-arzak-munoz-masterchef-defienden-becarios-alta-cocina_1375118/
  • Catalan News (2012). One-thousand years old olive oil suffers from drought. https://www.catalannews.com/life-style/item/one-thousand-years-old-olive-oil-suffers-from-drought
  • Catalan News (2020). Michelin Restaurants Catalonia 2019. https://www.catalannews.com/culture/item/interactive-map-of-all-michelin-starred-restaurants-in-catalonia
  • Club Jamonarium (2021). About Spanish Ham: Bellota, Iberico, pata negra & Serrano.https://www.jamonarium.com/en/cms/7/information-ham-iberico-bellota-serrano-pata-negra
  • Conexio (2019). Olive Cultivation in Turkey. https://www.conexioconsulting.com/tr/olive-cultivation-in-turkey/#:~:text=95%25%20of%20the%20olive%20oil,in%20the%20world%20olive%20production
  • Country Studies (2021). Tourism. http://countrystudies.us/spain/69.htm
  • Cuina Catalana (2021). Qui som? https://www.cuinacatalana.eu/ca/pag/ficc-qui-som/
  • Deliboran, A., Savran, K., Dursun, Ö., Eralp, Ö., Pekcan, T., Turan, H. S., Aydoğdu, E., Çılgın, İ., Ataol Ölmez, H., Savran, Ş., Nacar, A. S. (2019). Muğla İlinde Yetiştirilen Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Ağaçlarının Bor ve Mikro Elementler Yönünden Beslenme Durumunun Belirlenmesi, Yaprak ve Toprak İlişkileri. Uluslararası Anadolu Ziraat Mühendisliği Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(5), 126-140
  • Demirer, K. (2018). Kaya Demirer Zirve Açılış Konuşması. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpTXmeT31pA
  • Donquijote (2021). The Spanish Golden Age (1492-1659) saw the rise of famed figures such as Columbus, Velázquez, and Cervantes. https://www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/history/spanish-golden-age/
  • Dünya Gıda Seyahat Birliği [WFTA] (2020). The Economic Impact of Food Tourism. https://worldfoodtravel.org/news-the-economic-impact-of-food-tourism/#:~:text=By%20our%20estimate%2C%20visitors%20spend,spent%20by%20travelers%20in%20general.
  • Dünya Turizm Örgütü [UNWTO] (2017). 2nd UNWTO Report On Gastronomy Tourism: Sustainability and Gastronomy. https://www.unwto.org/archive/global/press-release/2017-05-17/2nd-unwto-report-gastronomy-tourism-sustainability-and-gastronomy
  • Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü [OECD] (2012). OECD Studies on Tourism Food and the Tourism Experience. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/industry-and-services/food-and-the-tourism-experience_9789264171923-en#page52
  • El Punt (2011). La cuina catalana vol ser patrimoni immaterial de la humanitat. http://www.elpuntavui.cat/article/2-societat/5-societat/425722-la-cuina-catalana-vol-ser-patrimoni-immaterial-de-la-humanitat.html
  • Elbulli Foundation (2021). An emphasis on creativity. http://elbulli.com/historia/index.php?lang=en&seccion=3&subseccion=7
  • Erke, E. (2020). Sorbe deyince havalı, şerbet deyince demode mi? https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/ebru-erke/sorbe-deyince-havali-serbet-deyince-demode-mi-41519333
  • Farina, F. (2018). Japan's gastrodiplomacy as soft power: global washoku and national food security. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 17(1), 152-167.
  • Fariñas, T. (2015). Gastro Marca España originates to promote the country’s gastronomic potential. https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/11/nace-gastro-marca-espana-para-fomentar-el-potencial-gastronomico-del-pais-2/
  • Foods and Wines from Spain (2019a). Mercado Little Spain in NYC to Officially Open on March 14th. https://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/global/whats-new/features/feature-detail/mercado-little-spain.html
  • Foods and Wines from Spain (2019b). SPAIN'S GREAT MATCH NYC. https://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/global/upcoming-events/trade-shows-detail/FEX2019828502.html
  • Generalitat de Catalunya (2010). Catalonia is gastronomy. http://act.gencat.cat/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CataloniaGastronomy.pdf
  • Guillermo Navarro, F. X. (2018). Stamps, Tourism and Gastronomy:The Role of Gastronomy in Promoting Tourism in Spain Through the Postage Stamp. In: Xavier Medina,F., Trensserras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.15-29). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara
  • Hadden, G. (2013). İspanya: Osmanlı'ya sığınan Yahudilere vatandaşlık daveti. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/03/130308_sefarad_yahudileri
  • Herningtyas, R. (2019). Korean Gastro Diplomacy: Strategy To Enhance Country Promotion Toward Moslem Countries. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 353, 247-252.
  • Hosteleria Digital. (2020). España superó los 70 mil millones de euros de ingresos por turismo en 2019. https://www.hosteleriadigital.es/2020/02/28/espana-supero-los-70-mil-millones-de-euros-de-ingresos-por-turismo-en-2019/
  • Hughes, D. (2015). You Can’t Meet Barcelona’s Cloistered Nuns But You Can Eat Their Cookies. https://www.vice.com/en/article/aeyymp/you-cant-meet-barcelonas-cloistered-nuns-but-you-can-eat-their-cookies
  • ICEX (2017). Foods & Wines from Spain Now on Amazon! http://pre.contenidos.icex.es/spanishfoodwine/global/food/features/feature-detail/spanish-foods-wines-amazon-online-store.html
  • IGCAT (2019). IGCAT’s Story. https://igcat.org/about-igcat/igcats-story/ Javier Moreno-Luzón, X. M. (2017). Metaphors of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • KPMG (2019). La gastronomía en la economía española. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/es/pdf/2019/01/gastronomia-en-economia-espanola.pdf
  • Kurgun, H. (2017). Gastronomi Trendleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. Language and Luxury (2021). The History of Spanish Food. https://www.languageandluxury.com/the-history-of-spanish-food
  • Macbeth, H. (2018). Scottish Langoustines in 2017: A Change in Gastronomic Perceptions and Choices. In: Xavier
  • Medina,F., Trensserras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.127-144). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
  • Maurer, M. (2019). Political cooks or cooking politicians : Spain's golden chance for gastrodiplomacy. https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/32517
  • Mercer, L. K., Song, H. R. (2020). Catalanidad in the Kitchen: Tourism, Gastronomy and Identity in Modern and Contemporary Barcelona. Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 97(4),1-22
  • Michelin Star Blog (2016). Ferran Adrià. https://michelinstarblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/25/ferran-adria/
  • Mincotur (2020). Spain closes 2019 with a new record number of international tourists and spending exceeded €92.20 billion. https://www.mincotur.gob.es/en-us/GabinetePrensa/NotasPrensa/2020/Paginas/200203np_frontur-egatur-diciembre.aspx
  • Morales, J.C.G. (2005). La Comisión Nacional De Turismo Y Las Primeras Inicıatıvas Para El Fomento Del Turısmo: La Industrıa De Los Forasteros (1905-1911). Estudios Turísticos, 163-164, 17-30
  • Morfin, M. (2016). The 10 Oldest Cookbooks in The World. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/articles/the-10-oldest-cookbooks-in-the-world/
  • Museum De Lakenhal (2021). Hutspot, Voor 1574. https://www.lakenhal.nl/en/collection/3346
  • NATO (2009). Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of Spain. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_23106.htm
  • Norman, R. (Yöneten). (2018). The Final Table - Spain S01E02 [Sinema Filmi].
  • Nosrat, S. (Yöneten). (2018). Salt Fat Acid Heat [Sinema Filmi].
  • Ortiz, D. A. (2020). How The Humble Potato Changed The World. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200302-the-true-origins-of-the-humble-potato
  • Pellejero, C. (2004). La política turística en España: una perspectiva histórica. Mediterraneo Economico, 5, 268-284.
  • Point, F. (2019). The true history of the menu of the day. https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/gastronomia/2019/05/27/5cebbe88fdddffdf438b45a9.html
  • Quick and Carry (2018). A Brief History of the Pressure Cooker.https://quickandcarry.com/a-brief-history-of-the-pressure-cooker/
  • Real Academia de Gastronomia (2015). Presentation of the website Gastro Marca Spain. https://realacademiadegastronomia.com/noticias-rag/presentacion-la-web-gastro-marca-espana/
  • Romagnoli, M. (2018). Mycological Tourism in Soria (Spain). Mediterranean Diet Emblematic Community In: Xavier Medina,F., Trensserras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.69-83). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
  • San Sebastian Gastronomika (2021). San Sebastian Gastronomika-Euskadi Basque Country will be back at the Kursaal from the 4th to the 6th of October 2021. https://www.sansebastiangastronomika.com/en/Magazine/Post/edicion_2021
  • Solleh, F. M. (2015). Gastrodiplomacy as a soft power tool to enhance nation brand. Journal of Media and Information Warfare, 7, 167-199.
  • Spain Then and Now (2021). Roman Conquest of Spain/Hispania. https://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/roman-conquest-of-hispania
  • Spanish Food (2021a). 19th Century. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-19th-century.html
  • Spanish Food (2021b). Arab Influence. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html
  • Spanish Food (2021c). Christian Influence. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-christian-influence.html
  • Spanish Food (2021d). New World New Ingredients. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-new-world-new-ingredients.html
  • Spanish Food (2021e). Sephardic Influence. https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-sephardic-influence.html
  • Statista (2021). Number of Michelin-starred restaurants in Spain as of 2021, by autonomous community. https://www.statista.com/statistics/749862/michelin-starred-restaurants-in-spain-by-region
  • Storm, E. (2017). A More Spanish Spain: The Influence of Tourism on the National Image. In: Javier Moreno-Luzón & Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (eds). Metaphors of Spain Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century (p.69-83). New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books
  • The Economist (2002). Thailand's gastro-diplomacy. https://www.economist.com/asia/2002/02/21/thailands-gastro-diplomacy
  • The Best Chef Awards (2020). Countdown 1-100. https://thebestchefawards.com/virtual2020/
  • The Worlds 50 Best (2021). The World's 50 Best Restaurants. https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50
  • TIME (2004). The 2004 TIME 100. http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html
  • Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi [TİM]. (2020). Zeytin - Zeytinyağı Sektör Raporu. https://tim.org.tr/files/downloads/Strateji_Raporlari/Zeytin_Zeytinyagi_Sektor_Raporu.pdf
  • UNESCO (2010). 2010 Inscriptions on the Representative List. http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/serie/2010+inscriptions+on+the+representative+list
  • UNESCO (2013). Mediterranean diet. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mediterranean-diet-00884
  • UNWTO (2021). History. https://www.unwto.org/history . Vidal, L. C. (2020). Molecular Gastronomy. https://thechicicon.com/2020/11/11/molecular-gastronomy/
  • Warwicker, M. (2014). Ciencia en la cocina: lo que la "gastronomía molecular" nos enseñó. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/05/140515_cocina_molecular_finde_az
  • Wetzel, G. (Yöneten). (2010). El Bulli: Cooking in Progress [Sinema Filmi].
  • WocomoCOOK (2019). Ferran Adrià about molecular cuisine and his restaurant “El Bulli”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoHKFEq-zCw
  • Workman, D. (2020). Cheese Exports by Country. http://www.worldstopexports.com/cheese-exports-country/ Worlds Top Exports (2020). Wine Exports by Country. https://www.worldstopexports.com/wine-exports-country/
  • Zhang, J. (2015). The foods of the worlds: Mapping and comparing contemporary gastrodiplomacy campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9(1), 568-591
  • Zucker, S. (2021). How the Moors Influenced Spanish Cuisine. https://catavino.net/how-the-moors-influenced-spanish-cuisine/
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Necmettın Ozgen 0000-0003-2957-5812

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ozgen, N. (2022). İspanya’da Gastronomi Turizminin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Gastrodiplomasi Değerlendirmesi. Aydın Gastronomy, 6(2), 239-262.



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