Araştırma Makalesi
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Measurement of Writing Self-Efficacy in the Context of Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language: Scale Adaptation Study

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 145 - 169, 09.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA97CU57SL

Öz

This study aimed to adapt the Second Language Writing Self-Efficacy Scale, developed by Teng et al. (2018), into Turkish. The participants of the study consisted of 597 international university students learning Turkish as a foreign language. The scale was translated into Turkish using the back-translation method. The English and Turkish forms of the scale were administered to the same group of students to verify language equivalence (p > .05). The construct validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The analyses indicated that the three-factor structure was a good fit for the data (χ²/df = 2.60, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .059; factor loadings between .47 and .70). Convergent validity was examined using AVE and CR values. Although the AVE values were low (.39, .39, .37), the convergent validity was considered acceptable due to the high CR values (.81, .79, .80). Inter-factor correlations (.62, .63, .65) and HTMT values (.77, .77, .82) indicated that discriminant validity was established. Item analysis revealed that item-total correlations ranged from .44 to .62. Reliability was calculated as Cronbach’s α = .90 and McDonald’s ω = .90. Criterion validity was assessed by the correlations between second language writing self-efficacy, second language writing anxiety, and proficiency exam scores. A negative correlation was found between writing anxiety and self-efficacy (r = -.349), and a positive relationship was found between self-efficacy and exam scores (r = .233). In conclusion, the scale can be considered valid and reliable for measuring writing self-efficacy in the context of teaching Turkish as a foreign language.

Kaynakça

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
  • Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
  • Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223
  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C.-P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004 (Original work published 1987)
  • Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2020). The foreign language classroom anxiety scale and academic achievement: An overview of the prevailing literature and a meta-analysis. Journal for the psychology of language learning, 2(1), 26-56. http://www.jpll.org/index.php/journal/article/view/botesetal
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage.
  • Bruning, R., Dempsey, M., Kauffman, D. F., McKim, C., & Zumbrunn, S. (2013). Examining dimensions of self-efficacy for writing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029692
  • Büyükikiz, K. (2012). Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen yabancılar için yazma becerisi öz yeterlilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 69-80. https://izlik.org/JA29EU82GK
  • Cheng, Y. S. (2002). Factors associated with foreign language writing anxiety. Foreign language annals, 35(6), 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01903.x
  • Cheng, Y. S. (2004). A measure of second language writing anxiety: Scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of second language writing, 13(4), 313-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2004.07.001
  • Çinpolat, E. (2024). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde çok kaynaklı grup yazma konferansının uygulanması: Bir eylem araştırması (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ordu Üniversitesi.
  • Dewaele, J. M. (2013). Affect and language teaching. In C. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 32-36). Wiley-Blackwell, 1-5.
  • Doyumğaç, İ., & Börekçi, M. (2023). Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenenler İçin Cümle Yazma Öz Yeterlik Ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 69-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ijla.69490
  • Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for specific purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hyland, K. (2003). Second language writing. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kellogg, R. T. (1994). The psychology of writing. Oxford University Press.
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Li, R. (2022). Understanding foreign language writing anxiety and its correlates. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 10315143. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1031514
  • Pajares, F. (2003). Self-efficacy beliefs, motivation, and achievement in writing: A review of the literature. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560308222
  • Plonsky, L., Sudina, E., & Teimouri, Y. (2022). Language learning and emotion. Language Teaching, 55(3), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000434
  • Reyes, E. M., & Ghosh, S. K. (2013). Bayesian average error-based approach to sample size calculations for hypothesis testing. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 23(3), 569–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2012.755994
  • Richards, J. C. (2022). Exploring Emotions in Language Teaching. RELC Journal, 53(1), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220927531
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12784
  • Schunk, D. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (2000). Self-regulation and academic learning: Self-efficacy enhancing interventions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 631–649). Academic Press.
  • Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2010). Self-efficacy beliefs. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (3rd ed., pp. 668–672). Elsevier.
  • Sun, T., Wang, C., Lambert, R. G., & Liu, L. (2021). Relationship between second language English writing self-efficacy and achievement: A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Second Language Writing, 53, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100817
  • Tay, İ., & Doğan-Kahtalı, B. (2023). Türkçeyi Suriye Güvenli Bölge’de yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin yazma kaygı, tutum ve öz yeterliklerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre belirlenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 1627-1650. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1393410
  • Teng, L. S., Sun, P. P., & Xu, L. (2018). Conceptualizing writing self-efficacy in English as a foreign language contexts: Scale validation through structural equation modeling. Tesol Quarterly, 52(4), 911-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.4326
  • Turanlı, A. (2007). Yabancı dil öğrencilerinin sözel katılımını etkileyen etmenler ve algılanan etki düzeyleri (Öğrenci ve öğretmen algıları). Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(146), 39-53. https://educationandscience.ted.org.tr/article/view/746
  • White, C. J. (2018). The emotional turn in applied linguistics and TESOL: Significance, challenges and prospects. In Martínez Agudo, J. (eds.) Emotions in second language teaching. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_2
  • Zhang, L. J. (2022). L2 writing: toward a theory-practice praxis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of practical second language teaching and learning (pp. 331-343). Routledge.
  • Zimmerman, B. J., & Bandura, A. (1994). Impact of self-regulatory influences on writing course attainment. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 845-862. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312031004845

Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretimi Bağlamında Yazma Öz Yeterliğinin Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 145 - 169, 09.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA97CU57SL

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Teng vd. (2018) tarafından geliştirilen İkinci Dil Yazma Öz Yeterliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen 597 uluslararası üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek, geri çeviri yöntemi ile Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Ölçeğin İngilizce ve Türkçe formları aynı öğrenci grubuna uygulanarak dilsel eş değerliği doğrulanmıştır (p > .05). Yapı geçerliği doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile test edilmiştir. Analizler, üç faktörlü yapının verilerle uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir (χ²/sd = 2.60, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .059; faktör yükleri .47 ile .70 arası). Yakınsak geçerlik, AVE ve CR değerleriyle incelenmiştir. AVE (.39, .39, .37) düşük olsa da yüksek CR (.81, .79, .80) değerleriyle yakınsak geçerlik kabul edilebilir bulunmuştur. Faktörler arası korelasyonlar (.62, .63, .65) ve HTMT değerleri (.77, .77, .82), ayırt edici geçerliğin sağlandığına işaret etmektedir. Madde analizi ile madde-toplam korelasyonlarının .44 ile .62 arasında olduğu görülmüştür. Güvenirlik Cronbach α = .90 ve McDonald ω = .90 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliği ise İkinci Dil Yazma Öz Yeterliği, İkinci Dilde Yazma Kaygısı ve kur sınavı başarı puanları arasındaki korelasyonlarla değerlendirilmiştir. Yazma kaygısı ile öz yeterlik arasında negatif (r = -.349), öz yeterlik ile sınav puanları arasında pozitif ilişki (r = .233) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak ölçeğin, Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimi bağlamında yazma öz yeterliğini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
  • Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
  • Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.002223
  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C.-P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004 (Original work published 1987)
  • Botes, E., Dewaele, J.-M., & Greiff, S. (2020). The foreign language classroom anxiety scale and academic achievement: An overview of the prevailing literature and a meta-analysis. Journal for the psychology of language learning, 2(1), 26-56. http://www.jpll.org/index.php/journal/article/view/botesetal
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage.
  • Bruning, R., Dempsey, M., Kauffman, D. F., McKim, C., & Zumbrunn, S. (2013). Examining dimensions of self-efficacy for writing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029692
  • Büyükikiz, K. (2012). Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen yabancılar için yazma becerisi öz yeterlilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 69-80. https://izlik.org/JA29EU82GK
  • Cheng, Y. S. (2002). Factors associated with foreign language writing anxiety. Foreign language annals, 35(6), 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01903.x
  • Cheng, Y. S. (2004). A measure of second language writing anxiety: Scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of second language writing, 13(4), 313-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2004.07.001
  • Çinpolat, E. (2024). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde çok kaynaklı grup yazma konferansının uygulanması: Bir eylem araştırması (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ordu Üniversitesi.
  • Dewaele, J. M. (2013). Affect and language teaching. In C. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 32-36). Wiley-Blackwell, 1-5.
  • Doyumğaç, İ., & Börekçi, M. (2023). Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenenler İçin Cümle Yazma Öz Yeterlik Ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 69-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ijla.69490
  • Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for specific purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hyland, K. (2003). Second language writing. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kellogg, R. T. (1994). The psychology of writing. Oxford University Press.
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Li, R. (2022). Understanding foreign language writing anxiety and its correlates. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 10315143. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1031514
  • Pajares, F. (2003). Self-efficacy beliefs, motivation, and achievement in writing: A review of the literature. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560308222
  • Plonsky, L., Sudina, E., & Teimouri, Y. (2022). Language learning and emotion. Language Teaching, 55(3), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000434
  • Reyes, E. M., & Ghosh, S. K. (2013). Bayesian average error-based approach to sample size calculations for hypothesis testing. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 23(3), 569–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2012.755994
  • Richards, J. C. (2022). Exploring Emotions in Language Teaching. RELC Journal, 53(1), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220927531
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12784
  • Schunk, D. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (2000). Self-regulation and academic learning: Self-efficacy enhancing interventions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 631–649). Academic Press.
  • Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2010). Self-efficacy beliefs. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (3rd ed., pp. 668–672). Elsevier.
  • Sun, T., Wang, C., Lambert, R. G., & Liu, L. (2021). Relationship between second language English writing self-efficacy and achievement: A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Second Language Writing, 53, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100817
  • Tay, İ., & Doğan-Kahtalı, B. (2023). Türkçeyi Suriye Güvenli Bölge’de yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin yazma kaygı, tutum ve öz yeterliklerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre belirlenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 1627-1650. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1393410
  • Teng, L. S., Sun, P. P., & Xu, L. (2018). Conceptualizing writing self-efficacy in English as a foreign language contexts: Scale validation through structural equation modeling. Tesol Quarterly, 52(4), 911-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.4326
  • Turanlı, A. (2007). Yabancı dil öğrencilerinin sözel katılımını etkileyen etmenler ve algılanan etki düzeyleri (Öğrenci ve öğretmen algıları). Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(146), 39-53. https://educationandscience.ted.org.tr/article/view/746
  • White, C. J. (2018). The emotional turn in applied linguistics and TESOL: Significance, challenges and prospects. In Martínez Agudo, J. (eds.) Emotions in second language teaching. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_2
  • Zhang, L. J. (2022). L2 writing: toward a theory-practice praxis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of practical second language teaching and learning (pp. 331-343). Routledge.
  • Zimmerman, B. J., & Bandura, A. (1994). Impact of self-regulatory influences on writing course attainment. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 845-862. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312031004845
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Türkçe Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Enes Çinpolat 0000-0002-3411-4300

Keziban Tekşan 0000-0002-5768-0022

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA97CU57SL
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çinpolat, E., & Tekşan, K. (2026). Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretimi Bağlamında Yazma Öz Yeterliğinin Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Aydın Tömer Dil Dergisi, 11(1), 145-169. https://izlik.org/JA97CU57SL


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