Araştırma Makalesi

Establishment of the Republic by Amending the Constitution: Revisiting the Theory of Constitutional Moment

Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26 25 Aralık 2024
PDF İndir
EN TR

Establishment of the Republic by Amending the Constitution: Revisiting the Theory of Constitutional Moment

Abstract

The foundation of the republic in 1923 is a landmark in the history of modern Turkey. Yet, the nature of the constitutional amendment which created the hundred-year-old republic received less academic attention. Establishing the Turkish Republic is the legal outcome of the only amendment to the 1921 Constitution. This article argues that the legal text adopted by the Turkish National Assembly on 29 October 1923 is a constitutional amendment and a constitutional moment. The 1923 amendment, in other words, includes a founding role behind the formal change. This article re-examines the 1923 amendment and answers the following question: Can a constitutional amendment provide a constitutional moment, too? The article first explains the path toward the declaration of the republic from a historical perspective. Focusing on the events after winning the War of Independence will make the rationale behind the 1923 amendment easier to understand. The article covers the legal nature of the 1923 amendment by exploring its enactment process. For this, the historical records and parliamentary minutes are examined to reveal the causes and consequences of the amendment. Then, the article discusses the amendment in the context of revisiting the theory of the ‘constitutional moment’ and questions the republic's fate by explaining Turkey's ‘constitutional time’ from a critical perspective. The article concludes that the crucial episode in October 1923 that gave birth to a new constitutional order opens up novel points of discussion for constitutional theory.

Keywords

Republic , Constitutional Amendment , Constitutional Moment Theory , 29 October 1923 , Turkey

Kaynakça

  1. Ackerman, Bruce. We the People 1: Foundations (Harvard University Press 1991).
  2. Albert, Richard and Guruswamy, Menaka. ‘Introduction: Mapping the Founding’ in ed. R Albert, M Guruswamy and N Basnyat, Founding Moments in Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing 2019).
  3. Alpkaya, Faruk. Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin Kuruluşu (İstanbul: İletişim, 1998).
  4. Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal. Nutuk [The Great Speech] (Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2023). Balkin, Jack. The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press 2020).
  5. Benvindo, J. ‘The Seeds of Change: Popular Protests as Constitutional Moments (2015) 99 Marquette Law Review
  6. Bussjaeger, Peter & Johler, Mirella. ‘Monarchical Constitutions’, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press 2017).
  7. Çelik, D. Burak. ‘16 Nisan Anayasa Değişikliği: Osmanlı-Türkiye Anayasacılığının İkinci Büyük Kopuşu’, Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 6 (2017) 715-720.
  8. Çelik, D. Burak. Kurucu İktidar, Hükümet Sistemi, Vatandaşlık Ve İdarî Yapılanma Tartışması Çerçevesinde 1924 Anayasası’nın Yapım Süreci (Yetkin 2016).
  9. Choudhry, Sujit. ‘Ackerman’s higher lawmaking in comparative constitutional perspective: Constitutional moments as constitutional failures?’ 6(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law (2008) 228-229. Erdoğan, Mustafa. ‘Anayasacılık ve Demokrasi Açısından 1921 Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu’ (2021) 325 Toplumsal Tarih 57-62.
  10. Frank, Jason. ‘Introduction: Constituent Moments’, in Constituent Moments: Enacting the People in Postrevolutionary America (New York: Duke University Press, 2010). Goloğlu, Mahmut. Cumhuriyete Doğru (Ankara: Başnur Matbaası, 1971). Hakimiyeti Milliye, 27 Eylül 1923, Numara 926, Üçüncü Sene in Mehmet Kalpaklı et. al. (Haz.) Hakimiyet-i Milliye: Milli Mücadelenin Sesi (Ankara: Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 2021).

Kaynak Göster

Chicago
Yolcu, Serkan. 2024. “Establishment of the Republic by Amending the Constitution: Revisiting the Theory of Constitutional Moment”. Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 13 (26): 251-84. https://izlik.org/JA23SN74UZ.