DEVAM EDEN TUTUKLULUKLARDA AYM KARARLARINI TANIMAMA PRATİĞİ VE ANAYASA MAHKEMESİNİN ETKİLİLİĞİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 315 - 356, 31.12.2025

Necdet Umut Orcan

Öz

Makale, Anayasa Mahkemesine (AYM) özellikle devam eden özgürlükten yoksun bırakmalara ilişkin yapılan bireysel başvurularda AYM’nin etkili bir hukuk yolu olma niteliğini tehdit eden bir meseleyi, kararlarının icra edilmemesi meselesini incelemektedir. Bu tehdit, Şerafettin Can Atalay ve yakın dönemde Tayfun Kahraman davalarında AYM’nin başvurucunun serbest bırakılmasına (Atalay kararı) ya da yeniden yargılamaya (Kahraman davası) ilişkin kararlarının Yargıtay ve alt mahkemeler tarafından açık bir şekilde reddedilmesiyle daha belirgin hâle gelmiştir. Makale, diğer devlet organları tarafından tolerans gösterilen bu yargısal pratiğin, İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi önünde süregelen tutmalar yönünden AYM’yi etkisiz kılma koşullarını yarattığının savunulabileceğini tespit etmektedir. Ancak İHAM’ın AYM’yi etkisiz bulması için gerekli koşulların mevcut olması, böyle yapılması gerektiği anlamına gelmez. Makale, AYM’yi etkisiz bir yargı yeri olarak kabul ederek bu yola başvurulmasına gerek görmemenin devam eden tutmalar, Türkiye’de hukukun üstünlüğü ve İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi sisteminin bütünü için zararlı yönlerinin de var olduğunu savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İç Hukuk Yollarının Tüketilmesi , Anayasa Mahkemesi , Etkili Başvuru Yolu , İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi , Can Atalay

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AMIDST A PATTERN OF JUDICIAL DEFIANCE

Öz

The article examines the crisis of non-enforcement threatening the effectiveness of the Turkish Constitutional Court (TCC), especially for ongoing detentions. This danger is highlighted by the high-profile Şerafettin Can Atalay and Tayfun Kahraman cases, where TCC decisions ordering the applicants' release (Atalay’s case) and reopening of the proceedings (Kahraman’s case) were openly defied by lower courts and the Court of Cassation. The article finds that this emerging practice of judicial defiance, which has received official tolerance from other state branches, has arguably created the conditions for the ECtHR to find the TCC ineffective as a domestic remedy for ongoing detentions. However, this article examines the profound judicial policy dilemma that such a finding presents, analyzing whether the clear legal justification is outweighed by potentially detrimental consequences for detainees, the rule of law in Turkey, and the Convention system itself.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies , Turkish Constitutional Court , Effective Remedy , European Court of Human Rights , Can Atalay

Kaynakça

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Atasayan, M. Gözde. “Can Atalay Kararı ve ‘Ötesi.’” Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 13, no. 25 (2024): 129–82.
• Benedek, Wolfgang. “The Effectiveness of the Tools of the Council of Europe Against Democratic Backsliding: What Lessons Can Be Learned from the ‘Greek Case’?” Austrian Law Journal 7 (2020): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.25364/01.7:2020.1.1.
• Çalı, Başak. “Coping with Crisis: Whither the Variable Geometry in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.” Wisconsin International Law Journal 35 (2017).
• Çalı, Başak. “Will Legalism Be the End of Constitutionalism in Turkey?,.” VerfBlog, January 22, 2022. https://verfassungsblog.de/will-legalism-be-the-end-of-constitutionalism-in-turkey/.
• Çalı, Başak, and Esra Demir-Gürsel. “Continuity and Change in Human Rights Appropriation: The Case of Turkey.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 21, no. 1 (2023): 266–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moad024.
• Çalı, Başak, and Esra Demir-Gürsel. “The Council of Europe’s Responses to the Decay of the Rule of Law and Human Rights Protections: A Comparative Appraisal.” European Convention on Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 165–79. https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-bja10027.
• Çalı, Başak, and Kristina Hatas. “History as an Afterthought: The (Re)Discovery of Article 18 in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights.” In The European Court of Human Rights : Current Challenges in Historical and Comparative Perspective, edited by Helmut Philipp Aust and Esra Demir-Gürsel. Edward Elgar, 2021. https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3677678.
• Cesare, Romano. “The Rule of Prior Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies: Theory and Practice in International Human Rights Procedures.” In International Courts and the Development of International Law, edited by Nerina Boschiero, Tullio Scovazzi, Cesare Pitea, and Ragni Chiara. Springer, 2013.
• Collis, Toby. “Turan and Others v Turkey and the Limits of Judicial Policy to Address Judicial Overload.” Strasbourg Observers, January 18, 2022. https://strasbourgobservers.com/2022/01/18/turan-and-others-v-turkey-and-the-limits-of-judicial-policy-to-address-judicial-overload/.
• Demir-Gürsel, Esra. “The Limits of the European Court of Human Rights Vis-à-Vis Contestation and Authoritarianism: Concluding Observations.” In The European Court of Human Rights : Current Challenges in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Edward Elgar, n.d. Dixon, Rosalind, and David E. Landau. Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: Legal Globalization and the Subversion of Liberal Democracy. Oxford Comparative Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Duymaz, Erkan. “AYM’nin Tayfun Kahraman Kararında Tespit Edilen İhlalin Anlamı ve Sonuçları.” Lexpera Blog, November 7, 2025. https://blog.lexpera.com.tr/aymnin-tayfun-kahraman-kararinda-tespit-edilen-ihlalin-anlami-ve-sonuclari/.
• Erhan, Doruk. “Downhill All The Way: Turkey and a New Chapter in Its Routinized Constitutional Crises.” VerfBlog, November 15, 2023. https://verfassungsblog.de/downhill-all-the-way/.
• Erhan, Doruk. “What Is Living and What Is Dead in the Turkish Parliament?” VerfBlog, March 13, 2024. https://verfassungsblog.de/what-is-living-and-what-is-dead-in-the-turkish-parliament/.
• Fendoğlu, Hasan Tahsin. “Yasama Dokunulmazlığı ve Yargısal Aktivizm.” Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, no. 57 (January 2024): 1–50. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1418042.
• Güzel, Mehmet Nuri. “Çokyönlü Gerçeklikler: Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Yargıtay Arasındaki İhtilaf Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme.” Ankara Barosu Dergisi 83, no. 2 (2025): 278–347. https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1568595.
• Haglund, Jillienne. “Domestic Politics and the Effectiveness of Regional Human Rights Courts.” International Interactions 46, no. 4 (2020): 551–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1751624.
• Hanci, Alara. “On the Exhaustion of Local Remedies: Reconciling Sovereignty and Justice Before the European Court of Human Rights.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 45, no. 3 (2024): 793–831. https://doi.org/10.58112/JIL.45-3.5.
• Helfer, Laurence, and Erik Voeten. “Walking Back Human Rights in Europe?” European Journal of International Law 31, no. 3 (2020).
• Heri, Corina. “Loyalty, Subsidiarity, and Article 18 Echr: How the ECtHR Deals with Mala Fide Limitations of Rights.” The European Convention on Human Rights Law Review 1, no. 1 (2020): 25–61. https://doi.org/10.1163/26663236-00101001.
• Hussein, Hadeel S. Abu, Antoine Buyse, and Katharine Fortin. “Exploring Linkages Between Rule of Law Backsliding and Human Rights: How to Find the Brakes on a Slippery Slope?” Utrecht Law Review 20, no. 3 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.1138.
• Karan, Ulaş. Öğretide ve Uygulamada Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararlarının Bağlayıcılığı ve İcrası. On İki Levha Yayınları, 2018.
• Kars Kaynar, Ayşegül. “Yargıtay Üçüncü Ceza Dairesi’nin AYM’nin Can Atalay Hükmünü Uygulamama Kararının Schmittyen Tahlili: Anayasa Nasıl Korunur?” Ankara Barosu Dergisi 82, no. 4 (2024): 337–81. https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1512746.
• Keller, Helen, and Corina Heri. “Selective Criminal Proceedings and Article 18 ECHR: The European Court of Human Rights’ Untapped Potential to Protect Democracy.” Human Rights Law Journal 36 (2016): 1–10. McGovern, Edmond. “The Local Remedies Rule and Administrative Practices in the European Convention on Human Rights.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 24, no. 1 (1975).
• Oder, Bertil Emrah. “The Resistance-Deference Paradox: On Strategies, Survival, and Partnership of the Turkish Constitutional Court.” VerfBlog, September 28, 2022. https://verfassungsblog.de/the-resistance-deference-paradox/.
• Orcan, Necdet Umut. “Legitimate Aims, Illegitimate Aims and the E.Ct.H.R.: Changing Attitudes and Selective Strictness.” University of Bologna Law Review, May 11, 2022, 7-40 Pages. 7-40 Pages. https://doi.org/10.6092/ISSN.2531-6133/14860.
• Panke, Diana. “The European Court of Human Rights under Scrutiny: Explaining Variation in Non-Compliance Judgments.” Comparative European Politics 18, no. 2 (2020): 151–70. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00157-6. Scheppele, Kim Lane. “Rights into Structures: Judging in a Time of Democratic Backsliding.” German Law Journal 26, no. 2 (2025): 255–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2025.7.
• Shany, Yuval. Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts. International Courts and Tribunals Ser. Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Şirin, Tolga. “Is the Turkish Constitutional Complaint System on the Verge of a Crisis?” VerfBlog, January 27, 2018. https://verfassungsblog.de/is-the-turkish-constitutional-complaint-system-on-the-verge-of-a-crisis/.
• Sözüer, Adem. “Yasama Dokunulmazlığının İstisnasını Oluşturan Suçların Belirlenmesi Bağlamında Anayasa Mahkemesince Verilen İhlal Kararlarının Yerine Getirilmemesi Sorunu.” Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi 11, no. 2 (2024): 275–303. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1406214.
• Steinsdorff, Silvia Von, Ece Göztepe, Maria Abad Andrade, and Felix Petersen. The Constitutional Court of Turkey: Between Legal and Political Reasoning. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845288628.
• Stiansen, Øyvind, and Erik Voeten. “Backlash and Judicial Restraint: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2020): 770–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa047.
• Taş, Burak. “Yargıtay 3. Ceza Dairesi’nin 2023/12611 Esas, 2023/Değişik İş Karar Sayılı ve 8.11.2023 Tarihli Kararının Anayasa Mahkemesi Üyeleri Hakkında Suç Duyurusunda Bulunulması Noktasında İncelenmesi.” Türk-Alman Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (2024): 150–71. https://doi.org/10.59933/tauhfd.1503858.
• Tecimer, Cem. “In (Partial) Praise and Defense of Justice Engin Yildirim.” VerfBlog, October 19, 2020. https://verfassungsblog.de/in-partial-praise-and-defense-of-justice-engin-yildirim/.
• Tecimer, Cem. “Recognizing Court-Packing: Perception and Reality in the Case of the Turkish Constitutional Court.” VerfBlog, November 9, 2019. https://verfassungsblog.de/recognizing-court-packing/.
• Vidmar, Jure. European Populism and Human Rights. International Studies in Human Rights 130. Brill Nijhoff, 2020.
• Yıldırım, Engin, Mehmet Fatih Sert, Burcu Kartal, and Şuayyip Çalış. “Non-Compliance of the European Court of Human Rights Decisions: A Machine Learning Analysis.” International Review of Law and Economics 76 (December 2023): 106167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2023.106167.
• Zysset, Alain. “Calibrating the Response to Populism at the European Court of Human Rights.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 20, no. 3 (2022): 976–1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moac056.
• Zysset, Alain, and Başak Çalı. “Exhausting Domestic Remedies or Exhausting the Rule of Law? Revisiting the Normative Basis of Procedural Subsidiarity in the European Human Rights System.” Transnational Legal Theory 14, no. 2 (2023): 157–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2023.2232601.