Araştırma Makalesi
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Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of East Turkistan Students’ Somatic Complaints

Yıl 2022, , 629 - 655, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1105944

Öz

People in transition, whether cultural or geographic, are at greater risk of somatization. Such transitions may adversely affect international students while they experience the change process. Studies conducted in Turkey and other countries have mostly focused on examining international students’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation process. However, there are only a few qualitative studies about that subject. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the emotional experiences of 19- to 25-year-old international students from East Turkestan with somatic complaints, which constitutes a minority group in Turkey. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a qualitative research method for exploring the subjective experiences of participants in a homogeneous group and understanding how the participants make sense of those experiences. To that aim, we used IPA as our research method. Fourteen semi-structured interviews with seven students were conducted and analyzed. As a result of our analyses, four superordinate themes (and three related subordinate themes) have emerged: (1) pain as a reflection of negative emotions; (2) withdrawal with a sense of difference and anxiety about making mistakes; (3) burdens from a sense of responsibility; (4) pressure and self-blame when goals are not achieved. The emergent themes were discussed in the context of scientific literature and clinical implications with regard to somatic complaints.

Kaynakça

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  • Bahşi, B. (2017). Doğu Türkistan’ın yakın tarihi ve Uygur Türkleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 57, 571-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7082.
  • Barsky, A. J. ve Klerman, G. L. (1983). Overview: Hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(3), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.140.3.273
  • Berna, C., Leknes, S., Holmes, E. A., Edwards, R. R., Goodwin, G. M. ve Tracey, I. (2010). Induction of depressed mood disrupts emotion regulation neurocircuitry and enhances pain unpleasantness. Biol Psychiatry, 67(11), 1083-1090.
  • Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T. ve Mok, D. (1987) Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2546607
  • Bhugra D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(4), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x
  • Biggerstaff, T. ve Thompson, A. R. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: A qualitative methodology of choice in healthcare research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 5, 214–224.
  • Burns, J. W., Johnson, B. J., Mahoney, N., Devine, J. ve Pawl, R. (1996). Anger management style, hostility and spouse responses: gender diferences in predictors of adjustment among chronic pain patients. Pain, 64, 445-453.
  • Can, A., Poyrazlı, S. ve Pıllay, Y. (2021). Eleven types of adjustment problems and psychological well-being among international students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 1-20.
  • Cantekin, D. (2014). Mental health of Syrian asylum seekers residing in camps: Risk and protective factors with a mixed-methods study [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Castillo, R., Waitzkin, H., Ramirez, Y.ve Escobar, J. I. (1995). Somatization in primary care, with a focus on immigrants and refugees. Arch. Fam. Med. 4, 637–646. doi: 10.1001/archfami.4.7.637
  • Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Fireman, P., Gwaltney, J. M. ve Newsom, J. T. (1995). State and trait negative affect as predictors of objective and subjective symptoms of respiratory viral infections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 159–169.
  • Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S.ve Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.230
  • Çetinkaya-Yıldız, E., Cakir, S. G.ve Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(5), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.001
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Somatik Yakınmaları Olan Doğu Türkistanlı Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Duygusal Deneyimlerinin Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz ile İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, , 629 - 655, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1105944

Öz

Kültürel ya da coğrafi geçiş sürecindeki insanlar, somatizasyon için daha büyük bir risk altındadır. Uluslararası öğrenciler de yaşadıkları değişim süreciyle bu geçişten etkilenen gruplar içerisindedir. Ülkemizde ve yurt dışında yapılan araştırmalar, çoğunlukla bu öğrencilerin psikolojik ve sosyokültürel uyumlarını incelemeye yönelmiştir. Konuyla ilgili nitel çalışmalar ise oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu nitel çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası öğrenci statüsü ile ülkemizde eğitim gören 19-25 yaş aralığında somatik yakınmalara sahip Doğu Türkistanlı öğrencilerin duygusal deneyimlerinin anlaşılmasıdır. Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz (YFA), homojen bir grup içerisinde katılımcıların öznel deneyimlerini keşfederek bu deneyimleri nasıl anlamlandırdıklarını derinlemesine araştıran bir yöntemdir. Bu sebeple YFA bu araştırmanın yöntemi olarak seçilmiştir. Yedi öğrenci ile toplam 14 yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, dört ana tema ve bu temalarla bağlantılı alt temalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu temalar; “Olumsuz duyguların yansıması olarak ağrılar’’, “Farklılık hissi ve hata yapma kaygısı ile içe çekilme’’, “Sorumluluk duygusunun getirdiği yükler’’ ve “Hedeflere ulaşılamadığında hissedilen baskı ve kendini suçlama’’ olarak adlandırılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan temalar literatür eşliğinde tartışılmış ve somatik yakınmaların klinik etkileri açısından değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Allaberdiyev, P. (2007). Türk Cumhuriyetlerinden Türkiye`ye yüksek öğrenim görmeye gelen öğrencilerin uyum düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bahşi, B. (2017). Doğu Türkistan’ın yakın tarihi ve Uygur Türkleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 57, 571-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7082.
  • Barsky, A. J. ve Klerman, G. L. (1983). Overview: Hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(3), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.140.3.273
  • Berna, C., Leknes, S., Holmes, E. A., Edwards, R. R., Goodwin, G. M. ve Tracey, I. (2010). Induction of depressed mood disrupts emotion regulation neurocircuitry and enhances pain unpleasantness. Biol Psychiatry, 67(11), 1083-1090.
  • Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T. ve Mok, D. (1987) Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2546607
  • Bhugra D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(4), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x
  • Biggerstaff, T. ve Thompson, A. R. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: A qualitative methodology of choice in healthcare research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 5, 214–224.
  • Burns, J. W., Johnson, B. J., Mahoney, N., Devine, J. ve Pawl, R. (1996). Anger management style, hostility and spouse responses: gender diferences in predictors of adjustment among chronic pain patients. Pain, 64, 445-453.
  • Can, A., Poyrazlı, S. ve Pıllay, Y. (2021). Eleven types of adjustment problems and psychological well-being among international students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 1-20.
  • Cantekin, D. (2014). Mental health of Syrian asylum seekers residing in camps: Risk and protective factors with a mixed-methods study [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Castillo, R., Waitzkin, H., Ramirez, Y.ve Escobar, J. I. (1995). Somatization in primary care, with a focus on immigrants and refugees. Arch. Fam. Med. 4, 637–646. doi: 10.1001/archfami.4.7.637
  • Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Fireman, P., Gwaltney, J. M. ve Newsom, J. T. (1995). State and trait negative affect as predictors of objective and subjective symptoms of respiratory viral infections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 159–169.
  • Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S.ve Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.230
  • Çetinkaya-Yıldız, E., Cakir, S. G.ve Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(5), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.001
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  • Kaya, Z., Çenesiz, G. Z. ve Aynas, S. (2019). Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin sosyal destek algıları ile psikolojik iyi oluş ve yaşam doyumlarının incelenmesi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi örneği. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 518-537.
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  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med., 64(2), 258-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
  • Kuo, B. (2014). Coping, acculturation, and psychological adaptation among migrants: a theoretical and empirical review and synthesis of the literature. Health Psychol Behav Medicine, 2(1), 16–33.
  • Kwadzo, M. (2014). International students’ experience of studying and working at a Northeastern Public University in the US. Journal of International Students, 4(3), 279-291.
  • Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H. ve Singelis, T. M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
  • Leventhal, E. A., Hansell, S., Diefenbach, M., Leventhal, H. ve Glass, D. C. (1996). Negative affect and selfreport physical symptoms: Two longitudinal studies of older adults. Health Psychology, 15, 193–199.
  • Lin, E. H., Carter, W. B. ve Kleinman, A. M. (1985). An exploration of somatization among Asian refugees and immigrants in primary care. Am J Public Health, 75(9), 1080-4. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.75.9.1080
  • Lipowski, Z. J. (1988). Somatization: The concept and its clinical application. Am. J. Psychiatry 145, 1358–1368. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.11.1358.
  • McLachlan, D. A. ve Justice, J. (2009). A grounded theory of international student well-being. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 13(1), 27-32.
  • Mechanic, D. (1986). The concept of illness behavior: Culture, situation and personal predisposition. Psychol Med, 16, 1-7.
  • Moilanen, I., Antero, M., Hanna, E., Varpu, P. ve Lauri, V. (1998). Long term outcome of migration in childhood and adolescents. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 57, 180-187.
  • Molnar, D. S., Reker, D. L., Culp, N. A., Sadava, S. W. ve DeCourville, N. H. (2006). A mediated model of perfectionism, affect, and physical health. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 482-500.
  • Morawa, E., Draganob, N., Jöckel, K-H., Moebus, S., Brandd, T.ve Erim, Y. (2017). Somatization among persons with Turkish origin: results of the pretest of the German National Cohort Study. J. Psychosom. Res. 96, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.02.014
  • Mori, S. C. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02571.x
  • Morrow, S. L. (2005). Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 250–260.
  • Murphy-Shigematsu, S. (2002). Psychological barriers for international students in Japan. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 24(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015076202649
  • Naylor, M. R., Krauthamer, G. M., Naud, S., Keefe, F. J. ve Helzer, J. E. (2011). Predictive relationships between chronic pain and negative emotions: A 4-month daily process study using Therapeutic Interactive Voice Response (TIVR). Comprehensive psychiatry, 52(6), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.11.008
  • Otrar, M., Ekşi, H., Dilmaç, B.ve Şirin, A. (2002). Türkiye de öğrenim gören Türk ve akraba topluluk öğrencilerinin stres kaynakları başa çıkma tarzları ile ruh sağlığı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 2(2), 473-506.
  • Öcal, A., Bulut, H. , Ünübol, H. ve Sayar, G. H. (2020). Göç eden kadınlarda depresyon ve somatizasyon. The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences, 1(1), 32-26.
  • Özçetin, S. (2013). Yükseköğrenim gören yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin sosyal uyumlarını etkileyen etmenler [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Pedersen, R. B. (1991). Counseling international students. The Counseling Psychologist, 19(1), 10-58.
  • Poyrazli, S. ve Grahame, K. M. (2007). Barriers to adjustment: Needs of international students within a Semi-Urban Campus Community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28–45.
  • Poyrazli, S. ve Lopez, M. D. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 141(3), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.141.3.263-280
  • Radl-Karimi, C., Nicolaisen, A., Sodemann, M., Batalden, P. ve Von Plessen, C. (2018). Coproduction of healthcare service with immigrant patients: Protocol of a scoping review. BMJ Open, 8(2). https://doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019519
  • Rasmi, S., Safdar, S. F. ve Lewis, J. R. (2010). A longitudinal examination of the MIDA model with international students. İçinde A. Chybicka, S. F. Safdar ve A. Kwiatkowska (Edl.), Culture & gender: An intimate relation (ss. 42-57). Gdanskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
  • Rossman, G. B. ve Rallis, S. F. (2012) Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research (2.Baskı). Sage.
  • Siegman A. W., Dembroski, T. M. ve Ringel, N. (1987). Components of hostility and the severity of coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 49(2), 127-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198703000-00003
  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 1(1), 39-54.
  • Smith, J. ve Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. İçinde Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. Sage.
  • Snoubar, Y. (2015). Türkiye’de öğrenim gören uluslararası öğrencilerin sorunları ve sosyal hizmet gereksinimleri [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Sungur, M. A., Şahin, M., Can, G., Şahin, M. F., Duman, K., Pektaş, B., Doğan, S., Alkan, A. Ö. ve Onuk, H. (2016). Düzce Üniversitesinde yükseköğrenim gören yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin yaşam doyumları ve sosyal uyumlarını etkileyen faktörler. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 101-109.
  • Şeker, B. D. ve Akman, E. (2016). Uluslararası öğrencilerin psikolojik ve sosyokültürel süreçleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3), 504-514. https://doi.org/10.17826/cukmedj.237504
  • Taylan, Ş. (2019). Sakarya üniversitesindeki uluslararası öğrencilerin sorunları [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • Taylı, A. (2013). Sorumluluğun bazı değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30, 68-84.
  • Terre, L., Poston, W. S., Foreyt, J. ve St Jeor, S. T. (2003). Do somatic complaints predict subsequent symptoms of depression? Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 72, 261-267.
  • Thomas, K., ve Althen, G. (1989). Counseling foreign students. İçinde W. J. Lonner ve J. E. Trimble (Edl.), Counseling across cultures (ss. 205–241). P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, University of Hawaii Press.
  • Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Watson, D. ve Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234–254.
  • Wearring, A, Le, H., Wilson, R. ve Arambewela ,R. (2015). The international student’s experience: An exploratory study of students from Vietnam. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 14(1), 71-89.
  • Yakushko, O., Watson, M. ve Thompson S. (2008). Stress and coping in the lives of recent immigrants and refugees: considerations for counseling. Int J Adv Couns, 30, 167–78.
  • Yapıcı, A. (2011). Kuramdan yönteme “ruh sağlığı-din” çalışmalarında karşılaşılan güçlükler. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 25-61.
  • Yi, J. K., Giseala Lin, J. C. ve Kishimoto, Y. (2003). Utilization of counseling services by international students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 30, 333-342.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy a practitioner's guide. The Gulford Press.
  • Zheng, W. (2017) Beyond cultural learning and preserving psychological well-being: Chinese international students’ constructions of intercultural adjustment from an emotion management perspective, Language and Intercultural Communication, 17(1), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1261673
  • Zhang, J. ve Goodson, P. (2011). Predictors of international students’ psychosocial adjustment to life in the United States: A systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.011
  • Zinnbauer, B. J. ve Pargament, K. I. (2005). Religiousness and spirituality. İçinde R. F. Paloutzian ve C. L. Park (Edl.), Handbook of The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (ss. 21–42). The Guilford Press.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Betül İlter 0000-0001-7880-9924

Sevda Sarı Demir 0000-0003-0117-8380

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA İlter, B., & Sarı Demir, S. (2022). Somatik Yakınmaları Olan Doğu Türkistanlı Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Duygusal Deneyimlerinin Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz ile İncelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(3), 629-655. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1105944