Suçluluk ve Utanca Yatkınlığı Ayırt Edebilir Miyiz?: Terapötik Öneriler

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bireylerin suçluluk ve utanç eğilimlerine göre tepkilerinin ve beklentilerinin ayırt edilip edilemeyeceğini test etmektir. Bu amaçla 348 katılımcıya iki kısa hikâye ve ilgili sorular sunulmuştur. Katılımcılar suçluluk-utanç puanlarına göre (yüksek utanç-düşük suçluluk, yüksek suçluluk düşük utanç, yüksek suçluluk-yüksek utanç, düşük suçluluk-düşük utanç) dört gruba ayrılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular Tematik Analiz ile niteliksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Buna göre, her grubun duygusal ve davranışsal tepki profilleri ve diğerlerinden beklentilerine ilişkin genel bir bakış elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, her grubun etkileşimler sırasında gözlemlenebilecek bazı belirli özelliklerinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma bulgularına dayanarak terapistlere danışanların gruplarını kolayca tespit edebilmeleri için bazı ipuçları verilmiş ve danışanlarla daha iyi bir uyum geliştirmelerine yardımcı olacak önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Ayrıca literatürde hep utancın suçluluk üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine dikkat çekilmiştir ancak bu çalışmanın sonuçları, suçluluğun da utanç üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olabileceğine dair bulgu sunmaktadır. Bununla bağlantılı olarak, yüksek suçluluk ve yüksek utancın birleşimi işlev bozucu olmayabilir ve bu bulgular alanda yeni çalışmalara ilham olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• suçluluk
• utanç
• tematik analiz
• psikoterapi
• nitel

Can We Distinguish Guilt Proneness and Shame Proneness?: Therapeutic Suggestions

Öz

The aim of the current study was to distinguish the reactions and expectations of individuals on the basis of their guilt- and shame-proneness. For this purpose, two vignettes and related questions were presented to the 348 participants. Participants were assigned into four groups according to their guilt shame scores (i.e., high shame-low guilt, high guilt-low shame, high guilt-high shame, low guilt-low shame). The obtained inquiry was analyzed qualitatively with Thematic Analysis. Accordingly, the emotional and behavioral reaction profiles of each group and an overview of their expectations from others were obtained. Results showed that there are some specific features of each group that can be observed during interactions. Based on the findings, some tips were provided to the therapists to identify the groups of individuals easily and suggestions were given based on participants’ expectations to develop a better rapport with the clients. Although existing research generally has focused on the negative effects of shame on guilt; the results of the present study provided evidence that guilt might also have a positive effect on shame. Accordingly, the combination of high guilt and high shame may not be counterproductive, and these findings may lead to new insights into the studies in the field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• guilt
• shame
• psychotherapy
• thematic analysis
• qualitative

Kaynakça

1. Abe, J. A. (2004). Shame, guilt, and personality judgment. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00055-2
2. Akbağ, M., & İmamoğlu, S. E. (2010). The prediction of gender and attachment styles on shame, guilt, and loneliness. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 10(2), 669-682.
3. Barrett, K. C., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: II. A functionalist approach to emotions. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development, (pp. 555–578). Wiley.
4. Black, R. S., Curran, D., & Dyer, K. F. (2013). The impact of shame on the therapeutic alliance and intimate relationships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21959
5. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
6. Bruno, S., Lutwak, N., & Agin, M. A. (2009). Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalance, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.023
7. Choi, C. S., & Jo, H. (2011). Relations of shame-proneness and guilt-proneness with parenting attitudes, motivation for self-determination and adaptation to school life. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(4), 29-48.
8. Claesson, K., & Sohlberg, S. (2002). Internalized shame and early interactions characterized by indifference, abandonment and rejection: Replicated findings. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.331

9. Craver, G. A. (2014). Not just for beginners – A review of successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. The Qualitative Report, 19(16), 1-4.
10. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design. SAGE Publications.
11. DeGeorge, J., Constantino, M. J., Greenberg, R. P., Swift, J. K., & Smith-Hansen, L. (2013). Sex differences in college students’ preferences for an ideal psychotherapist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/0.1037/a0029299
12. Deniz, M. E. (2006). Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk-utanç arasındaki ilişki [The relationships between attachment styles with child abuses and guilt-shame in adolescence]. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 22, 89-99.
13. Emde, R. N., & Oppenheim, D. (1995). Shame, guilt, and the Oedipal drama: Developmental considerations concerning morality and the referencing of critical others. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fisher (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 413-438). The Guilford Press.
14. Ferguson, T. J. (2005). Mapping shame and its functions in relationships. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 377 – 386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505281430
15. Gilbert, P. (2006). A biopsychosocial and evolutionary approach to formulation with special focus on shame. In N. Tarrier (Ed.), Case formulations in cognitive behavioral therapy: The treatment of challenging and complex cases (pp. 81-112). Routledge.
16. Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
17. Giner-Sorolla, R., Piazza, J., & Espinosa, P. (2011). What do the TOSCA guilt and shame scales really measure: Affect or action? Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.010
18. Greenberg, R. P., & Zeldow, P. B. (1980). Sex differences in preferences for and ideal therapist. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44(5), 474-478. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4405_5
19. Goates-Jones, M., & Hill, C. E. (2008). Treatment preference, treatment-preferencematch, and psychotherapist credibility: Influenceon session outcome and preference shift. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/0.1037/0033-3204.45.1.61
20. Hartlage, L. C., & Sperr, E. V. (1980). Patient preferences with regard to ideal therapist characteristics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(1), 288–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198001)36:1<288::AID-JCLP2270360138>3.0.CO;2-N
21. Held, P., & Owens, G. P. (2015). Effects of self-compassion workbook training on trauma-related guilt in a sample of homeless veterans: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(6), 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22170
22. Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939-963. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.9.939
23. Kaya, A. (2004). İletişime Giriş: Temel Kavramlar ve Süreçler . In A. Kaya (Ed.), Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve etkili iletişim (pp. 1-30). Pegem Akademi.
24. Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., & Borairi, S. (2014). Are improvements in shame and self-compassion early in eating disorders treatment associated with better patient outcomes? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(1), 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22196
25. Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1996). Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 10(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380312
26. Lewis, M. (2008). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones & L. Feldmann-Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 742-756). Guilford Press.
27. Lopez, F. G., Gover, M. R., Leskela, J., Sauer, E. M., Schirmer, L., & Wyssmann, J. (1997). Attachment styles, shame, guilt, and collaborative problem-solving orientations. Personal Relationships, 4, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00138.x
28. Magai, C., Distel, N., & Liker, R. (1995). Emotion socialisation, attachment, and patterns of adult emotional traits. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 461-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408976
29. Mendes, A. L., Canavarro, M. C., & Ferreira, C. (2021). How psychological inflexibility mediates the association between general feelings of shame with body image-related shame and eating psychopathology severity? Appetite, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105228
30. Motan, İ. (2007). Recognition of self-conscious emotions in relation to psychopathology [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
31. Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2013). Small or big in the eyes of the other: On the developmental psychopathology of self-conscious emotions as shame, guilt, and pride. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0137-z
32. Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
33. Neff, K. D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. In C. Germer, & R. Siegel (Eds.), Compassion and wisdom in psychotherapy (pp. 79-92). Guilford Press.
34. Niedenthal, P. M., & Ric, F. (2017). Psychology of emotion. Psychology Press.
35. Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2018). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22678
36. Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206292958.
37. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Elam, G. (2003). Designing and selecting samples. In L. Maruster (Ed.), Qualitative research methods (pp. 77-108). Sage.
38. Sahin, N., & Sahin, N. (1992, June 17-23). Adolescent guilt, shame and depression in relation to sociotropy and autonomy [Conference presentation]. World Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Toronto, Canada.
39. Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 324-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505279308
40. Swift, J. K., & Callahan, J. L. (2010). A comparison of client preferences for intervention empirical support versus common therapy variables. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(12), 1217-1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20720
41. Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., & Vollmer, B. M. (2011). Preferences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20759
42. Tangney, J. P. (1992). Situational determinants of shame and guilt in young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182011
43. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2004). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
44. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
45. Tangney, J. P., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 446–478). Guilford Press.
46. Tracy, J. L. ve Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-125. https://doi.org/0.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
47. Tracy, J. L. ve Robins, R. W. (2007). The self in self-conscious emotions: A cognitive appraisal approach. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research içinde (pp. 3-20). Guilford Press.
48. VanDerhei, S., R. J., Rojahn, J., Stuewig, J., & McNight, P. E. (2014). The effect of shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and internalizing tendencies on nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 317-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12069.