Ergenlik Döneminde Yas Sürecinin Kimlik Gelişimi Üzerindeki Çok Boyutlu Etkileri: Kuramsal Bir Perspektif

Öz

Ergenlik, hızlı biyolojik, bilişsel ve sosyal değişimlerle karakterize olan kimlik oluşumunun merkezi bir gelişimsel görev hâline geldiği kritik bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde yaşanan kayıplar (örneğin ölüm, boşanma, ayrılık) gelişimsel süreci kesintiye uğratarak hem duygusal süreçleri hem de kimlik inşasını etkileyebilmektedir. Özellikle kimlik karmaşası yaşayan ergenlerde yas süreci kırılgan bir seyir izleyerek özdeşim, rol bütünleşmesi ve benlik sürekliliği gibi alanları etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, yas ve kimlik gelişimi arasındaki etkileşimi kuramsal ve ampirik bakış açılarıyla incelemektedir. Kimlik olgusu Erikson’un psikososyal kuramı, Marcia’nın kimlik statüleri ve Côté’nin kimlik sermayesi modeli temel alınarak, Kübler-Ross’un evre modeli ve Çok Boyutlu Yas Kuramı ile tartışılmıştır. Bulgular; ebeveyn, kardeş veya akran kaybının duygusal dalgalanmaları artırarak kimlik dağılması veya moratoryum riskini artırdığını göstermektedir. İçinde bulunulan sosyal ve kültürel bağlam tarafından belirgin biçimde şekillenen yas süreci ve kimlik oluşumu; aile, akran ve okul çevresinden alınan sosyal destek, duygusal uyumu kolaylaştıran ve bütünlüklü bir benlik duygusunun yeniden inşasını sağlayan koruyucu bir işlev görmektedir. Bununla birlikte, kültürel normlar ve değerler, yasın ifade biçimlerini ve kimlik yapılanmasına dair anlam sistemlerini etkilemektedir. Sonuç olarak, yas ve kimlik gelişimi birbirini sürekli olarak etkileyen ve yeniden biçimlendiren iki karşılıklı etkileşimli süreçtir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergenlik
• Yas
• Kimlik gelişimi
• Kimlik karmaşası

The Multidimensional Effects of the Grieving Process on Identity Development in Adolescence: A Theoretical Perspective

Öz

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by rapid biological, cognitive, and social changes, where identity formation emerges as a central task. Losses during this period (e.g., death, divorce, separation) may disrupt development, affecting both emotional processes and identity construction. The grieving process, particularly among adolescents experiencing identity confusion, often follows a fragile course, influencing identification, role integration, and self-continuity. This study examines the interaction between grief and identity development from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Drawing on Erikson’s psychosocial theory, Marcia’s identity status model, and Côté’s identity capital model, identity is discussed alongside Kübler-Ross’s stage model and the Multidimensional Grief Theory. Findings suggest that losses involving parents, siblings, or peers intensify emotional fluctuations, increasing risks of identity diffusion or moratorium. Social and cultural contexts play a decisive role in shaping how adolescents navigate grief and identity formation. Supportive relationships within family, peer, and school environments serve as protective factors that facilitate emotional adjustment and promote the reconstruction of a coherent sense of self. At the same time, cultural norms and values shape how grief is expressed and integrated into personal identity. Ultimately, grief and identity development operate as interdependent processes, each continuously shaping and reshaping the other.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolescence
• Grief
• Identity development
• Identity confusion

Kaynakça

1. Altinsoy, F. (2023). Posttraumatic growth experiences of adolescents with parental loss: A phenomenological study. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 87(1), 312-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211048668
2. Alvis, L., Zhang, N., Sandler, I. N., & Kaplow, J. B. (2023). Developmental manifestations of grief in children and adolescents: Caregivers as key grief facilitators. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 16(2), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00435-0
3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
4. Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
5. Atak, H. (2011). Kimlik gelişimi ve kimliğin biçimlenmesi: Kuramsal bir değerlendirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(1), 163–213. https://izlik.org/JA76JG68HK
6. Avcı, M. (2019). Yas sürecindeki ergenlerin dissosiyatif yaşantıları ve psikolojik belirtilerinin incelenmesi. The Journal of Social Science, 3(6), 565-582. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.605792
7. Bagnoli, A. (2003). Imagining the lost other: The experience of loss and the process of identity construction in young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 6(2), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367626032000110318
8. Balcı-Çelik, S. (2011). Ergenlerin yasa karşı tutumlarının cinsiyet ve depresyon düzeyleri açısından karşılaştırılması. İlköğretim Online, 10(2), 735–742. https://izlik.org/JA23ED67PC

9. Balk, D. E. (1994). Adolescent development: Early through late adolescence. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
10. Becht, A. I., Nelemans, S. A., Branje, S. J., Vollebergh, W. A., Koot, H. M., Denissen, J. J., & Meeus, W. H. (2016). The quest for identity in adolescence: Heterogeneity in daily identity formation and psychosocial adjustment across 5 years. Developmental Psychology, 52(12), 2010–2021. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000245
11. Berman, A. M., Schwartz, S. J., Kurtines, W. M., & Berman, S. L. (2001). The process of exploration in identity formation: The role of style and competence. Journal of Adolescence, 24(4), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0386
12. Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52(4), 223–229. https://izlik.org/JA65AH66NL
13. Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22(1), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1967.11822595
14. Boelen, P., Van Den Hout, M., & Van Den Bout, J. (2006). A cognitive‐behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(2), 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00013.x
15. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
16. Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., & O'Neill, K. (2001). Loss and human resilience. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 10(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(01)80014-7
17. Brookman, R., Harris, C. B., & O’Connor, M. (2024). A role for event centrality in prolonged grief disorder. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 22093. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72754-9
18. Cait, C. A. (2008). Identity development and grieving: The evolving processes for parentally bereaved women. British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 322-339. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl347
19. Chen, X. X., Chen, J., & Zhong, B. L. (2025). The grief of peer loss among adolescents: A narrative review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 18, 343–352. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S504117
20. Choudhury, S., Charman, T., & Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the teenage brain. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2(3), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228X.2008.00045.x
21. Côté, J. E. (1996a). Identity: A multidimensional analysis. In G. R. Adams, R. Montemayor, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Psychosocial development during adolescence (pp. 130–180). Sage Publications, Inc.
22. Côté, J. E. (1996b). Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture–identity link and identity capital. Journal of Adolescence, 19(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0040
23. Côté, J. E., & Schwartz, S. J. (2002). Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: Identity status, identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6), 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0511
24. Çolak, G. V., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2021). Kayıp ve yas: Bir gözden geçirme. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.1.07
25. DeCuir-Gunby, J. T. (2009). A review of the racial identity development of African American adolescents: The role of education. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325897
26. Duray, E., & Kabadayı, F. (2024). Grief process and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in young adults who lost a first-degree relative during the covid-19 pandemic. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1529244
27. Ekşi, A. (1999). Çocuklarda ölüm algısı ve terminal dönemde hasta çocuk. In A. Ekşi (Ed.), Ben hasta değilim (pp. 476–498). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
28. Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127100
29. Ercan, L., & Eryılmaz, A. (2013). Beliren yetişkinlikte romantik yakınlığı kim başlatabilir? Kişilik özellikleri ve kimlik statüler. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(29), 63–80. https://izlik.org/JA62LB59ZB
30. Erdoğan Yıldırım, Z. (2025). Çocukluk ve ergenlikte kayıp deneyimi: Yas sürecine gelişimsel ve psikolojik bir bakış. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 69, 363–379. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1632695
31. Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. International Universities Press.
32. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). Norton.
33. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. Norton. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830140209
34. Farahat, Z. (2021). Türkiye'de yaşayan göçmen Arap ailelerdeki ergenlerde kimlik ve değerlerin incelenmesi: İstanbul örneği [Master thesis]. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi.
35. Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720530500311182
36. Gross, R. (2020). Yas psikolojisi (M. Ç. Güre Pak, Trans.). Nobel Yaşam Yayınları. (2018)
37. Gudas, L. J. (1993). Concepts of death and loss in childhood and adolescence. In C. F. Saylor (Ed.), Children and disasters (pp. 69–91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4766-9_5
38. Hablemitoğlu, Ş. (2021). Yas uzun bir veda. Doğan Yayıncılık.
39. Harris, C. B., Brookman, R., & O'Connor, M. (2023). It’s not who you lose, it’s who you are: Identity and symptom trajectory in prolonged grief. Current Psychology, 42(13), 11223–11233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02343-w
40. Harter, S. (1993). Self and identity development, In S. S. Feldman, & G. R. Elliot (Eds), At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Harvard University Press.
41. Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations. Guilford Publications.
42. İlhan, T., & Özdemir, Y. (2012). Beliren yetişkinlerde yaş, cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin kimlik statüleri üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (19), 227–241. https://izlik.org/JA54WA85UA
43. Jacobs, S. C., Mazure, C. M., & Prigerson, H. (2000). Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief. Death Studies, 24, 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811800200531
44. Jung, E., Pick, O., Schlüter-Müller, S., Schmeck, K., & Goth, K. (2013). Identity development in adolescents with mental problems. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 7(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-26
45. Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Cozza, S. J., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Using multidimensional grief theory to explore effects of deployment, reintegration, and death on military youth and families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(3), 322–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1
46. Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.002
47. Kuloğlu-Türker, N., & Yüce, S. (2020). Çocuk, ölüm ve yas. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
48. Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. Macmillan.
49. Kübler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. (2014). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Simon and Schuster.
50. Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169004882
51. Layne, C. M., Kaplow, J. B., Oosterhoff, B., Hill, R. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2017). The interplay between posttraumatic stress and grief reactions in traumatically bereaved adolescents: When trauma, bereavement, and adolescence converge. Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(4), 266–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666180306162544
52. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
53. Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood: Change dynamics in commitment formation and commitment evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.366
54. MacCallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). A cognitive attachment model of prolonged grief: Integrating attachments, memory and identity. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.001
55. Malkinson, R. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy of grief: A review and application. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(6), 671-698. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973150101100603
56. Malkinson, R. (2013). Bilişsel yas terapisi: Bir yakınını yitirdikten sonra yaşamın anlamını yeniden yapılandırma (S. K. Akbaş, Trans.). HYB Yayıncılık. (2007)
57. Malone, P. A. (2016). Counseling adolescents through loss, grief, and trauma. Routledge.
58. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
59. Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). Wiley.
60. Marcia, J. E. (2006). Ego identity and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 577–596. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.6.577
61. Marcia, J. E., & Friedman, M. L. (1970). Ego identity status in college women. Journal of Personality, 38(2), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00007.x
62. McLean, K. C., & Pasupathi, M. (2012). Processes of identity development: Where I am and how I got there. Identity, 12(1), 8–28. https://doi/10.1080/15283488.2011.632363
63. Mearns, S. J. (2000). The impact of loss on adolescents: Developing appropriate support. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 6(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2000.6.1.12
64. Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 569–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537355
65. Meeus, W., Iedema, J., & Maassen, G. H. (2002). Commitment and exploration as mechanisms of identity formation. Psychological Reports, 90(3), 771–785. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.771
66. Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Maassen, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Separation–individuation revisited: On the interplay of parent–adolescent relations, identity and emotional adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.003
67. Mizuno, Y., Kishimoto, J., & Asukai, N. (2012). A nationwide random sampling survey of potential complicated grief in Japan. Death Studies, 36(5), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.553323
68. Neimeyer, R. A. (2001). Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10397-000
69. Orlofsky, J. L. (1977). Sex-role orientation, identity formation and self-esteem in college men and women. Sex Roles, 3(6), 561–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287839
70. Özel, Y., & Özkan, B. (2020). Kayıp ve yasa psikososyal yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(3), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.652126
71. Özgüngör, S. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde benlik saygısı düzeyine göre kimlik statüleri ile başarı yönelimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.9779/PUJE543
72. Özmen, O. (2014). Cultural characteristics of grief and coping in bereaved adult women: A phenomenological study with consensual qualitative research [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
73. Parman, T. (2000). Ergenlik ya da merhaba hüzün: Ergenlik dönemi üzerine psikanaliz yazıları. Bağlam Yayıncılık.
74. Pfeifer, J. H., Masten, C. L., Borofsky, L. A., Dapretto, M., Fuligni, A. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Neural correlates of direct and reflected self‐appraisals in adolescents and adults: When social perspective‐taking informs self‐perception. Child Development, 80(4), 1016-1038. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01314.x
75. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
76. Prager, K. J. (1982). Identity development and self-esteem in young women. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 141, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1982.10533471
77. Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M.J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G. A., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
78. Rask, K., Kaunonen, M., & Paunonen-Ilmonen, M. (2002). Adolescent coping with grief after the death of a loved one. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 8(3), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-172x.2002.00354.x
79. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_01
80. Sanghvi, P. (2020). Grief in children and adolescents: A review. Indian Journal of Mental Health, 7(1), 6-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30877/IJMH.7.1.2019.6-14
81. Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
82. Schachter, E. P., & Galliher, R. V. (2018). Fifty years since “Identity: Youth and Crisis”: A renewed look at Erikson’s writings on identity. Identity, 18(4), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1529267
83. Schwartz, S. J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1(1), 7–58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XSCHWARTZ
84. Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., & Weisskirch, R. S. (2008), Broadening the study of the self: integrating the study of personal identity and cultural identity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 635-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00077.x
85. Sezer, S., & Saya, P. (2009). Gelişimsel açıdan ölüm kavramı [Death concept from developmental view]. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 151–165. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/787120
86. Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., Reynolds, C., Lebowitz, B., Sung, S., Ghesquiere, A., Gorscak, B., Clayton, P., Ito, M., Nakajima, S., Konishi, T., Melhem, N., Meert, K., Schiff, M., O’Connor, M. F., … & Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20780
87. Silverman, P. R., & Worden, J. W. (1993). Children's reactions to the death of a parent. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 300–316). Cambridge University Press.
88. Slyter, M. (2012). Creative counseling interventions for grieving adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 7(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2012.657593
89. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046
90. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2021). Bereavement in times of COVID 19: A review and theoretical framework. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 82(3), 500–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820966928
91. Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Models of coping with bereavement: An updated overview. Estudios de Psicología, 38(3), 582–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/02109395.2017.1340055
92. Şıkel, Ç., & Harmancı, H. (2022a). Ebeveynin boşanması çocuğun kimlik gelişimini etkiler mi? Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, (8), 123-146. https://doi.org/10.54557/karataysad.1084187
93. Şıkel, Ç., & Harmancı, H. (2022b). Çocuklarda duygusal istismarın kimlik oluşumunda etkisi. KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA35DE36WS
94. Towers, L. (2025). Siblings and the bereaved self: Identity (re)construction following the death of a brother or sister. Sociology, 59(2), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385241278139
95. Verhoeven, M., Poorthuis, A. M., & Volman, M. (2019). The role of school in adolescents’ identity development: A literature review. Educational Psychology Review, 31, 35–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9457-3
96. Volkan, V. D., & Zintl, E. (2017). Kayıptan sonra yaşam: Komplike yas ve tedavisi. Pusula Yayıncılık.
97. Waddell, M. (2018). Inside lives: Psychoanalysis and the growth of the personality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429475979
98. Waterman, A. S. (1999). Identity, the identity statuses, and identity status development: A contemporary statement. Developmental Review, 19(4), 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1999.0495
99. Weiss, R. S. (2001). Grief, bonds, and relationships. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 47–62). American Psychological Association.
100. Wieruszowski, L. C. (2008). The experiences of adolescents dealing with parental loss through death [Master’s thesis]. University of Pretoria.
101. Wong, T. M., Branje, S. J., VanderValk, I. E., Hawk, S. T., & Meeus, W. H. (2010). The role of siblings in identity development in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 673–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.003
102. Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
103. Yektaş, Ç. (2018). Ergenlikte ölüm kavramı, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Turkiye Klinikleri Child Psychiatry-Special Topics, 4(2), 46-52. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/energenlikte-olum-kavrami-kayip-yas-ve-patolojik-yas-82601.html
104. Yıldız, A. (2004). Çocuk, ölüm ve kayıp. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(12), 125–144. https://izlik.org/JA45PM55NR