Yapay Bozukluk ve Nesne İlişkileri Kuramı Çerçevesinden Narsisizm: Syk Pike Filminin Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 2022 yapımı Syk Pike filmi, kendine yönelik yapay bozukluk ve nesne ilişkileri kuramı temelinde patolojik narsisizm kapsamında incelenmiştir. Kendine yönelik yapay bozukluk, bireylerin maddi olmayan kazançlar elde etmek amacıyla kendilerinde semptomlar tetiklediği bir rahatsızlıktır. Analizi yapılan filmde bu bozukluk, patolojik narsisizmin uç bir semptomu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada narsisizm, nesne ilişkileri teorisi çerçevesinde karakter patolojisi olarak ele alınmış ve Kernberg’in sınır durum kişilik örgütlenmesi açıklanmıştır. Kernberg, kişilik örgütlenmesinin yanı sıra karakter patolojisinin belirlenmesinin önemini vurgulamıştır. Patolojik narsisizmin kökeninde soğuk ve saldırgan ebeveyn tutumlarından korunmak için geliştirilen büyüklenmeci tutum yatmaktadır. Bu temelde, çatışma; olumsuz kendilik imgelerinin dış nesnelere yansıtılması ve kendiliğin gerçekdışı şekilde yüceltilmesiyle çözümlenmektedir. Gerçekçi olmayan kendilik algısının ideal kendilik ile patolojik birleşimi sonucunda büyüklenmecilik, empati yoksunluğu, egosantrizm ve patolojik öz hayranlık barındıran narsisistik yapı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Başkarakter Signe’nin görünmezlik kaygısını ve içsel boşluğunu örtbas etmek amacıyla fiziksel semptomlar üretmesi, kendine yönelik yapay bozukluğun narsisistik özsaygıyı koruyan araçsal bir savunma mekanizması işlevi gördüğünü göstermektedir. Bu makalede sınır kişilik örüntüsü ve patolojik narsisizm, filmdeki ögelerle açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kendine yönelik yapay bozukluk
• nesne ilişkileri teorisi
• sınır durum kişilik örüntüsü
• narsisizm
• patolojik narsisizm

Narcissism from the Perspective of Object Relations Theory and Factitious Disorder: An Analysis of the Film Syk Pike

Öz

In this study, the 2022 film Syk Pike is examined within the scope of pathological narcissism, based on factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS) and object relations theory. FDIS is a condition wherein individuals induce psychological or physical symptoms to obtain intangible gains. In the analyzed film, FDIS manifests as an extreme symptom of pathological narcissism. Narcissism is addressed as a character pathology within object relations theory, primarily explaining Kernberg’s borderline personality organization. Kernberg emphasizes the importance of identifying character pathology alongside personality organization. Pathological narcissism is rooted in grandiose attitudes developed to protect against cold and aggressive parenting. On this basis, conflict is resolved by projecting negative self-images onto external objects and unrealistically idealizing the self. The pathological combination of an unrealistic selfperception with the ideal self forms the narcissistic structure, featuring grandiosity, lack of empathy, egocentrism, and pathological self-admiration. The protagonist Signe’s production of physical symptoms to mask her fear of invisibility and internal emptiness reveals that FDIS functions as an instrumental defense mechanism protecting narcissistic self-esteem. In this article, borderline personality patterns and pathological narcissism are explained through the examined film.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• factitious disorder imposed on self
• object relations theory
• borderline personality organization
• narcissism
• pathological narcissism

Kaynakça

1. Akhtar, S. ve Thompson, J. A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.1.12
2. Akhtar, S. (1989). Narcissistic personality disorder: Descriptive features and differential diagnosis.Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 505-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30411-8
3. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve istatistiksel el kitabı (5. baskı). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
4. Bass, C. ve Halligan, P. (2014). Factitious disorders and malingering: challenges for clinical assessment and management. The Lancet, 383(9926), 1422-1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62186-8
5. Bérar, A., Bouzillé, G., Jego, P. ve Allain, J. S. (2021). A descriptive, retrospective case series of patients with factitious disorder imposed on self. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03582-8
6. Borgli, K. (Yönetmen). (2022). Syk pike [Sick of myself] [Film]. Oslo Pictures; Garagefilm International.
7. Carnahan, K. T. ve Jha, A. (2020). Factitious disorder (Archived). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55754
8. Ehlers, W. ve Plassmann, R. (1994). Diagnosis of narcissistic self-esteem regulation in patients with factitious illness (Munchausen syndrome). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 62(1-2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288906

9. Eisendrath, S. J. ve McNiel, D. E. (2002). Factitious disorders in civil litigation: twenty cases illustrating the spectrum of abnormal illness-affirming behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 30(3), 391-399.
10. Feldman, M. D. (1994). The costs of factitious disorders. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 35, 506-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71750-3
11. Feldman, M. D. ve Hamilton, J. C. (2007). Mastectomy resulting from factitious disorder. Psychosomatics, 48(4), 361. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.48.4.361
12. Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. (J. Strachey, Ed. ve Çev.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (ss. 67–102). Hogarth Press. (1914).
13. Gabbard, G. O. ve Gabbard, K. (1999). Psychiatry and the cinema (2. baskı). American Psychiatric Publishing.
14. Green, S., Hicks, A., Hilsendager, C., Bauer, M. ve Frank, G. K. (2020). An adolescent girl with signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis and negative immunologic workup: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 14(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02371-3
15. Gregory, R. J. ve Jindal, S. (2006). Factitious disorder on an inpatient psychiatry ward. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.31
16. Hamilton, J. C., Feldman, M. D. ve Janata, J. W. (2009). The A, B, C's of factitious disorder: A response to Turner. The Medscape Journal of Medicine, 11(1), 27.
17. Kernberg, O. F. (1970). Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517001800103
18. Kernberg, O. F. (2004). Aggressivity, narcissism, and self-destructiveness in the psychotherapeutic relationship: new developments in the psychopathology and psychotherapy of severe personality disorders. Nev Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
19. Kernberg, O. F. (2012). Overview and critique of the classification of personality disorders proposed for DSM-V. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 163(7), 234-238. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2012.00110
20. Kernberg, O. F. (2014). An overview of the treatment of severe narcissistic pathology. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 95(5), 865-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12204
21. Kernberg, O. F. (2016). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm (M. Atakay, Çev.). Metis Yayınları. (1975).
22. Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. The International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 27, 99-110.
23. Krahn, L. E., Li, H. ve O’Connor, M. K. (2003). Patients who strive to be ill: Factitious disorder with physical symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1163-1168. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1163
24. Lawlor, A. ve Kirakowski, J. (2014). When the lie is the truth: Grounded theory analysis of an online support group for factitious disorder. Psychiatry Research, 218(1-2), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.034
25. Liu, R. K., Green, J. ve Newton, R. (2025). A scoping review of treatment for factitious disorder (imposed on self). Psychiatry Research Communications, 5(2), 100216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycom.2025.100216
26. Mahler, M. S. (1968). On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. International University Press.
27. McWilliams, N. (1994). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. Guilford Press.
28. Margolis, M., Wong, T. L., Shmuts, R. ve Taylor, J. B. (2023). Consultation-liaison case conference: S case of factitious disorder imposed on self. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 64(6), 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.07.001
29. Ozan, E., Kırkpınar, İ., Aydın, N., Fidan, T. ve Oral, M. (2008). Narsisistik kişilik bozukluğu: Gelişim süreçleri ve yaşamı. RCHP-Review Cases Hypotheses Psychiatry, 2, 25-37.
30. Özmen, E. (2006). Kendini tanıma rehberi (Kıssadan hisseler dizisi). Sistem Yayıncılık.
31. Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In defence of self: The relationship of self-esteem and narcissism to aggressive behavior [Doktora tezi, Long Island University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
32. Schmidt, A. (2019). Kernberg ve Kohut’un narsisistik kişilik bozukluğu kuramlarının karşılaştırması.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 30(2), 137-141. https://doi.org/10.5080/u23484
33. Yates, G. P. ve Feldman, M. D. (2016). Factitious disorder: a systematic review of 455 cases in the professional literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 41, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.05.002
34. Watson, P. J., Hickman, S. E., Morris, R. J., Milliron, J. T. ve Whiting, L. (1995). Narcissism, self-esteem, and parental nurturance. The Journal of Psychology, 129(1), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1995.9914948
35. Wedding, D. ve Niemiec, R. M. (2014). Movies and mental illness: Using films to understand psychopathology (4. baskı). Hogrefe Publishing.