Bu çalışmanın amacı Küçük Kara Balık kitabındaki Küçük Kara Balık’ın yaşam
olaylarının, bu yaşam olaylarına gösterdiği tepkilerin ve duygularının Mahler’in
Ayrışma-Bireyleşme Kuramı kapsamında değerlendirilmesi, karakterin başından
geçenlerin Mahler’in teorisi ile örtüşen ve çatışan yerlerinin tartışılmasıdır. Mahler’in
kuramı ayrışma-bireyleşmeyi, farklılaşma, alıştırma, yeniden yakınlaşma ve bireyliğin
pekişmesi ve coşkusal nesne sürekliliğinin başlangıcı olmak üzere dört alt evre
üzerinden incelemektedir. Küçük Kara Balık kitabında asıl incelenen ve ana karakter
olan Küçük Kara Balık, annesiyle yaşayan ve amacı dereden ayrılarak denize ulaşmak
olan küçük bir balıktır. Çalışma boyunca Küçük Kara Balık karakterine özellikle son üç
alt evre açısından odaklanılmış ve anne ile yaşanılan sorunların karakterin davranışları
üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmıştır. Karakterin öfke eşiğinin düşüklüğünün ve yaşadığı
yutulma korkusunun anne ile öngörülen ilişkinin kurulamadığından kaynaklı olduğu,
ancak bu durumun bireyleşme sürecinde kendisi için engelleyici bir faktör olmadığı
düşünülmüştür.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), 932.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 49-67.
Atasoy, Z., Ertürk, D., & Şener, Ş. (1997). Altı ve on iki aylık bebeklerde bağlanma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8(4), 266-279.
Baillargeon, R. (1986). Representing the existence and the location of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6-and 8-month-old infants. Cognition, 23(1), 21-41.
Behrengi, S. (2016). Küçük Kara Balık (M. Alizade, Çev.) Ankara: Binbir Çiçek Kitaplar.
Bell, S. M. (1970). The development of the concept of object as related to infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 291-311.
Bergman, A., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2004). Revisiting rapprochement in the light of contemporary developmental theories. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(2), 555-569.
Dunbar, J. L. (2008). A conflict between distance and closeness: the mother's bittersweet experience of becoming separate from her toddler. Infant observation, 11(1), 77-88.
Freud, S. (1948). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety (Vol. 395). London.
Furman, E. (1996). On motherhood. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 44, 429-447.
Gergely, G. (2000). Reapproaching Mahler: New perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1197-1228.
Güven, M., & Aslan, S. (2010). The Evaluation of separation-individuation levels of university students in terms of some variable. Education Sciences, 5(3), 765-774.
Klein, M. (1952). The origins of transference. The International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 33, 433.
Lyons-Ruth, K. (1991). Rapprochement or approchement: Mahler's theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 8(1), 1.
Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., Bergman, A. (2003). İnsan yavrusunun psikolojik doğumu. (A. N., Babaoğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
McAllister, L. W., Stachowiak, J. G., Baer, D. M., & Conderman, L. (1969). The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(4), 277-285.
Parens, H. (1979). developmental considerations of ambivalence: part 2 of an exploration of the relations of instinctual drives and the symbiosis-separation-individuation process. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 34(1), 385-420.
Piaget, J. (2000). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Childhood Cognitive Development: The Essential Readings, 33-47.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 22-45.
Spitz, R. (1965). The first year of life. New York: International Universities Press
Topcu, M. (2016). Ayrılma ve bireyleşme: Nesne ilişkileri üzerine terapötik uygulama. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(2), 27-28.
Tüzün, O., & Sayar, K. (2006). Bağlanma kuramı ve psikopatoloji. Düşünen Adam, 19(1), 24-39.
Tyson, P., & Tyson, R. L. (1990). An overview of theories of object relations. Psychoanalytic Theories of Development: An Integration, 69-86.
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Belsky, J., Pederson, D., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Kneppers, K. (2000). The similarity of siblings' attachments to their mother. Child Development, 71(4), 1086-1098.
Yüksel, E. G. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ayrılma bireyleşme özellikleri ve etkileyen etmenler. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Manisa
Winnicott, D. W. (1969). The use of an object. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 50, 711.
An Examination of Little Black Fish with Mahler’s Separation Individuation Theory
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the experiences and feelings of the Little Black
Fish according to Mahler's Separation-Individuation Theory and to discuss the
overlapping and conflicting parts with Mahler's theory. Mahler's theory examines the
four sub-stages of separation-individuation as differentiation/hatching, practicing,
rapprochement and object constancy. Little Black Fish, main character of the book, is
a small fish that lives with its mother and is separated from the stream to reach the sea.
Throughout the study, the character of Little Black Fish has been analyzed using
Mahler’s theory and the maternal roots of the character’s behavioral problems is
discussed. The character's low anger threshold and fear of engulfment are thought to
be rooted in the inability to establish the predicted relationship with the mother.
However, this is not a major obstacle to the process of individuation.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), 932.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 49-67.
Atasoy, Z., Ertürk, D., & Şener, Ş. (1997). Altı ve on iki aylık bebeklerde bağlanma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8(4), 266-279.
Baillargeon, R. (1986). Representing the existence and the location of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6-and 8-month-old infants. Cognition, 23(1), 21-41.
Behrengi, S. (2016). Küçük Kara Balık (M. Alizade, Çev.) Ankara: Binbir Çiçek Kitaplar.
Bell, S. M. (1970). The development of the concept of object as related to infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 291-311.
Bergman, A., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2004). Revisiting rapprochement in the light of contemporary developmental theories. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(2), 555-569.
Dunbar, J. L. (2008). A conflict between distance and closeness: the mother's bittersweet experience of becoming separate from her toddler. Infant observation, 11(1), 77-88.
Freud, S. (1948). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety (Vol. 395). London.
Furman, E. (1996). On motherhood. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 44, 429-447.
Gergely, G. (2000). Reapproaching Mahler: New perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1197-1228.
Güven, M., & Aslan, S. (2010). The Evaluation of separation-individuation levels of university students in terms of some variable. Education Sciences, 5(3), 765-774.
Klein, M. (1952). The origins of transference. The International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 33, 433.
Lyons-Ruth, K. (1991). Rapprochement or approchement: Mahler's theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 8(1), 1.
Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., Bergman, A. (2003). İnsan yavrusunun psikolojik doğumu. (A. N., Babaoğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
McAllister, L. W., Stachowiak, J. G., Baer, D. M., & Conderman, L. (1969). The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(4), 277-285.
Parens, H. (1979). developmental considerations of ambivalence: part 2 of an exploration of the relations of instinctual drives and the symbiosis-separation-individuation process. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 34(1), 385-420.
Piaget, J. (2000). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Childhood Cognitive Development: The Essential Readings, 33-47.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 22-45.
Spitz, R. (1965). The first year of life. New York: International Universities Press
Topcu, M. (2016). Ayrılma ve bireyleşme: Nesne ilişkileri üzerine terapötik uygulama. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(2), 27-28.
Tüzün, O., & Sayar, K. (2006). Bağlanma kuramı ve psikopatoloji. Düşünen Adam, 19(1), 24-39.
Tyson, P., & Tyson, R. L. (1990). An overview of theories of object relations. Psychoanalytic Theories of Development: An Integration, 69-86.
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Belsky, J., Pederson, D., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Kneppers, K. (2000). The similarity of siblings' attachments to their mother. Child Development, 71(4), 1086-1098.
Yüksel, E. G. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ayrılma bireyleşme özellikleri ve etkileyen etmenler. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Manisa
Winnicott, D. W. (1969). The use of an object. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 50, 711.
Demircioğlu, Z. İ., Demir, K., Fuçular, E. E., Sülüngür, O., vd. (2018). Mahler’in Ayrışma-Bireyleşme Kuramına Göre Küçük Kara Balık Kitabı’nın İncelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 72-93. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.435990