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An Inquiry into the Qualitative and Subjective Aspects of Trauma: Narrative Therapy Approaches

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 19, 28.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.497048

Öz

Beginning from the early 1990s, narrative therapies have begun to be used widely by mental health professionals. Recently, more specialized forms of narrative therapy, including trauma-focused approaches, have been developed. This paper reviews narrative therapy approaches which focus on trauma. Trauma-focused narrative therapies address qualitative and subjective aspects of trauma and aim to integrate the traumatic experience into the clients’ chronological life history. Positioning the client as the expert, narrative therapists help clients to deconstruct and reconstruct the narrative. In the literature, there are several structured trauma-focused narrative therapy approaches such as testimony therapy, narrative exposure therapy (NET), and life review therapy, and also collective narrative approaches. Although evidence is mostly anecdotal for these approaches, some studies have shown conditional effectiveness of NET for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Increasing the use of these approaches and examining their effectiveness for stress- and trauma-related disorders would help practitioners and researchers to better understand the validity and clinical utility of trauma-focused narrative therapy approaches, especially in Turkey where estimates of exposure to traumatic events are quite high.

Kaynakça

  • Afuape, T. (2011). Power, resistance and liberation in therapy with survivors of trauma: To have our hearts broken. Sussex, UK: Routledge.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: Author.
  • Angus, L. E., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Working with narrative in emotion-focused therapy: Changing stories, healing lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M.…Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327-343. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001981
  • Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2212-2220. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.006
  • Bisson, J. I.,Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(2), 97-104. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402
  • Bjorøy, A.,Madigan, S., & Nylund, D. (2015). Narrative therapy. In S. Palmer (Ed.), The beginner’s guide to counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed., pp. 335-346). London, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Böttche, M., Kuwert, P., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: an overview of characteristics and treatment approaches. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 230-239. doi: 10.1002/gps.2725
  • Cienfuegos, A. J., & Monelli, C. (1983). The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53(1), 43-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1983.tb03348.x
  • Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
  • Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C….Gaynes, B. N. (2016). Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 128-141. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003
  • Çelik, H. (2017). Psikoterapide yeni soluk: Öyküsel terapi. e – Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 34-50.
  • Denborough, D. (2008). Collective narrative practice: Responding to individuals, groups, and communities who have experienced trauma. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
  • Dulwich Centre. (2018a). What is narrative e therapy? Dulwich Centre sitesinden alınmıştır: https://dulwichcentre.com.au/what-is-narrative-therapy
  • Dulwich Centre. (2018b). Collective narrative practice. Dulwich Centre sitesinden alınmıştır: https://dulwichcentre.com.au/collective-narrative-practice/
  • Duvall, J., & Béres, L. (2007). Movement of identities: A map for therapeutic conversations about trauma. In C. Brown & T. Augusta-Scott (Eds.), Narrative therapy: Making meaning, making lives(pp. 229-250). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Erbes, C. R., Stillman, J. R., Wieling, E., Bera, W., & Leskela, J. (2014). A pilot examination of the use of narrative therapy with individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(6), 730-733. doi: 10.1002/jts.21966
  • Falsetti, S. A., Resnick, H. S., & Davis, J. (2005). Multiple channel exposure therapy: Combining cognitive behavioral therapies for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with panic attacks. Behavior Modification, 29(1), 70-94. doi: 10.1177/0145445504270874
  • Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
  • Harms, L. (2015). Understanding trauma and resilience. London, UK: Palgrave.
  • Kaminer, D. (2006). Healing processes in trauma narratives: A review. South African Journal of Psychology, 36(3), 481-499. doi: 10.1177/008124630603600304
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Bugay, A. (2010). Postmodern diyalog: Öyküsel psikolojik danışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(33), 24-36.
  • Karancı, A. N., Aker, A. T., Işıklı, S., Başbuğ Erkan, B. B., Gül, E., & Yavuz, H. (2012). Türkiye’de travmatik yaşam olayları ve ruhsal etkileri. Ankara: Matus Basımevi.
  • Knaevelsrud, C.,Böttche, M., & Kuwert, P. (2011). Integrative Testimonial Therapie (ITT): eine biographisch narrative Schreibtherapie zur Behandlung von posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen bei ehemaligen Kriegskindern. Psychotherapie im Alter, 1(8), 27–41.
  • Maercker, A. (2002). Life-Review Technique in the treatment of PTSD in elderly patients: Rationale and three single case studies. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8(3), 239-249. doi: 10.1023/A:1015952429199
  • Maercker, A., & Zöllner, T. (2002). Life-Review- Therapie als spezifische form der behandlung posttraumatischer belastungsstörungen im alter. Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 23(2), 213-225.
  • Marlowe, J. M. (2010). Beyond the discourse of trauma: Shifting the focus on Sudanese refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(2), 183-198. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq013
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2014). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: A constructive narrative perspective. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 355-368). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Merscham, C. (2000). Restorying trauma with narrative therapy: Using the phantom family. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 8(3), 282-286. doi: 10.1177/1066480700083013
  • Monk, G., Winslade, J., Crocket, K., & Epston, D. (Eds.). (1997). Narrative therapy in practice: The archaeology of hope. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Morgan, A. (2000). What is narrative therapy? Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
  • Neuner, F., Kurreck, S., Ruf, M., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Schauer, M. (2010). Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 81-91. doi: 10. 1080/16506070903121042
  • Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 686-94. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.686
  • Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Roth, W. T., & Elbert, T. (2002). A narrative exposure treatment as intervention in a refugee camp: A case report. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(2), 205-210. doi: 10.1017/S1352465802002072
  • Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 579-887. doi 10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.579
  • Riessman, C. K., & Speedy, J. (2007). Narrative inquiry in the psychotherapy professions: A critical review. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology(pp. 426-456). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Robertson, M., Humphreys, L., & Ray, R. (2004). Psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: Recommendations for the clinician based on a review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(2), 106-118. doi: 10.1097/00131746-200403000-00005
  • Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004
  • Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T.(2011). Narrative exposure therapy: A short term treatment for traumatic stress disorders (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing.
  • Schauer, M.,Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2017). Narrative exposure therapy for children and adolescents (KIDNET). In M. Landolt, M. Cloitre, U. Schnyder (Eds.), Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescents: A practical guide for clinicians (pp. 227-250). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
  • Schindler, R., Spiegel, C., & Malachi, E. (1992). Silences: Helping elderly Holocaust victims deal with the past. International Journal of Aging Human Development, 35(4), 243–252. doi: 10.2190/0M5Q-7BYX-44NR-M1GG
  • Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2015). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Stillman, J. (2010). Narrative therapy trauma manual: A principle-based approach. Minneapolis, MN: Caspersen, LLC.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), 19-24. doi: 10.1037/a0021896
  • Thompson, C. T., Vidgen, A., & Roberts, N. P. (2018). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 66-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.006
  • Tuval-Mashiach, R., Freedman, S., Bargai, N., Boker, R., Hadar, H., & Shalev, A. Y. (2004). Coping with trauma: narrative and cognitive perspectives. Psychiatry, 67(3), 280-293. doi: 10.1521/psyc.67.3.280.48977
  • van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 505-525.
  • van Dijk, J. A, Schoutrop, M. J., & Spinhoven, P. (2003). Testimony therapy: Treatment method for traumatized victims of organized violence. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 57(3), 361-373. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.3.361
  • Weine, S. M., Kulenovic, A. D., Pavkovic, I., & Gibbons, R. (1998). Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1720-1726. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.12.1720
  • White, M. (2004). Working with people who are suffering the consequences of multiple trauma: A narrative perspective. International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 2004(1), 45-76.
  • White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  • Yuen, A. (2009). Less pain, more gain: Explorations of responses vs. effects when working with the consequences of trauma. Explorations: An E-Journal of Narrative Practice, 1, 6-16. http://www.dulwichcentre.com.au/explorations-2009-1-angel-yuen.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.

Travmanın Nitel ve Öznel Yönlerine Bir Bakış: Öyküsel Terapi Yaklaşımları

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 19, 28.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.497048

Öz

1990’ların başından bu yana, öyküsel terapiler ruh sağlığı alanındaki uzmanlar tarafından daha yaygın olarak kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Yakın zamanda öyküsel terapinin, travma-odaklı yaklaşımlar gibi, daha özelleşmiş biçimleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalede, travma alanındaki öyküsel terapi yaklaşımları derlenmektedir. Travma-odaklı öyküsel terapiler travmanın nitel ve öznel yönlerine odaklanmaktadır ve travmatik deneyimi danışanların kronolojik yaşam öyküsü içine yerleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Danışanı uzman konumuna yerleştirerek, öyküsel terapistler danışanların öykünün yapısını bozmasına ve öyküyü yeniden yapılandırmasına yardım etmektedir. Literatürde, tanıklık terapisi, öyküsel maruz bırakma terapisi (NET) ve yaşam incelemesi terapisi ve ayrıca, kolektif öyküsel yaklaşımlar gibi birtakım yapılandırılmış travma-odaklı öyküsel terapi yaklaşımları bulunmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu yaklaşımlara yönelik kanıtların çoğu anekdota dayalı olsa da, bazı çalışmalar travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde NET’in koşullu olarak etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu yaklaşımının kullanımının artırılması ve stres ve travma ile ilişkili bozukluklar için etkililiğinin incelenmesi uygulayıcıların ve araştırmacıların travma-odaklı öyküsel terapi yaklaşımlarının, özellikle travmatik olaylara maruz kalma oranlarının oldukça yüksek olduğu Türkiye’de, geçerliğini ve klinik yararını daha iyi anlamasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Afuape, T. (2011). Power, resistance and liberation in therapy with survivors of trauma: To have our hearts broken. Sussex, UK: Routledge.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: Author.
  • Angus, L. E., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Working with narrative in emotion-focused therapy: Changing stories, healing lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M.…Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327-343. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001981
  • Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2212-2220. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.006
  • Bisson, J. I.,Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(2), 97-104. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402
  • Bjorøy, A.,Madigan, S., & Nylund, D. (2015). Narrative therapy. In S. Palmer (Ed.), The beginner’s guide to counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed., pp. 335-346). London, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Böttche, M., Kuwert, P., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: an overview of characteristics and treatment approaches. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 230-239. doi: 10.1002/gps.2725
  • Cienfuegos, A. J., & Monelli, C. (1983). The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53(1), 43-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1983.tb03348.x
  • Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
  • Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C….Gaynes, B. N. (2016). Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 128-141. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003
  • Çelik, H. (2017). Psikoterapide yeni soluk: Öyküsel terapi. e – Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 34-50.
  • Denborough, D. (2008). Collective narrative practice: Responding to individuals, groups, and communities who have experienced trauma. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
  • Dulwich Centre. (2018a). What is narrative e therapy? Dulwich Centre sitesinden alınmıştır: https://dulwichcentre.com.au/what-is-narrative-therapy
  • Dulwich Centre. (2018b). Collective narrative practice. Dulwich Centre sitesinden alınmıştır: https://dulwichcentre.com.au/collective-narrative-practice/
  • Duvall, J., & Béres, L. (2007). Movement of identities: A map for therapeutic conversations about trauma. In C. Brown & T. Augusta-Scott (Eds.), Narrative therapy: Making meaning, making lives(pp. 229-250). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Erbes, C. R., Stillman, J. R., Wieling, E., Bera, W., & Leskela, J. (2014). A pilot examination of the use of narrative therapy with individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(6), 730-733. doi: 10.1002/jts.21966
  • Falsetti, S. A., Resnick, H. S., & Davis, J. (2005). Multiple channel exposure therapy: Combining cognitive behavioral therapies for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with panic attacks. Behavior Modification, 29(1), 70-94. doi: 10.1177/0145445504270874
  • Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
  • Harms, L. (2015). Understanding trauma and resilience. London, UK: Palgrave.
  • Kaminer, D. (2006). Healing processes in trauma narratives: A review. South African Journal of Psychology, 36(3), 481-499. doi: 10.1177/008124630603600304
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Bugay, A. (2010). Postmodern diyalog: Öyküsel psikolojik danışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(33), 24-36.
  • Karancı, A. N., Aker, A. T., Işıklı, S., Başbuğ Erkan, B. B., Gül, E., & Yavuz, H. (2012). Türkiye’de travmatik yaşam olayları ve ruhsal etkileri. Ankara: Matus Basımevi.
  • Knaevelsrud, C.,Böttche, M., & Kuwert, P. (2011). Integrative Testimonial Therapie (ITT): eine biographisch narrative Schreibtherapie zur Behandlung von posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen bei ehemaligen Kriegskindern. Psychotherapie im Alter, 1(8), 27–41.
  • Maercker, A. (2002). Life-Review Technique in the treatment of PTSD in elderly patients: Rationale and three single case studies. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8(3), 239-249. doi: 10.1023/A:1015952429199
  • Maercker, A., & Zöllner, T. (2002). Life-Review- Therapie als spezifische form der behandlung posttraumatischer belastungsstörungen im alter. Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 23(2), 213-225.
  • Marlowe, J. M. (2010). Beyond the discourse of trauma: Shifting the focus on Sudanese refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(2), 183-198. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq013
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2014). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: A constructive narrative perspective. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 355-368). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Merscham, C. (2000). Restorying trauma with narrative therapy: Using the phantom family. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 8(3), 282-286. doi: 10.1177/1066480700083013
  • Monk, G., Winslade, J., Crocket, K., & Epston, D. (Eds.). (1997). Narrative therapy in practice: The archaeology of hope. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Morgan, A. (2000). What is narrative therapy? Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
  • Neuner, F., Kurreck, S., Ruf, M., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Schauer, M. (2010). Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 81-91. doi: 10. 1080/16506070903121042
  • Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 686-94. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.686
  • Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Roth, W. T., & Elbert, T. (2002). A narrative exposure treatment as intervention in a refugee camp: A case report. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(2), 205-210. doi: 10.1017/S1352465802002072
  • Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 579-887. doi 10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.579
  • Riessman, C. K., & Speedy, J. (2007). Narrative inquiry in the psychotherapy professions: A critical review. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology(pp. 426-456). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Robertson, M., Humphreys, L., & Ray, R. (2004). Psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: Recommendations for the clinician based on a review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(2), 106-118. doi: 10.1097/00131746-200403000-00005
  • Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004
  • Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T.(2011). Narrative exposure therapy: A short term treatment for traumatic stress disorders (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing.
  • Schauer, M.,Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2017). Narrative exposure therapy for children and adolescents (KIDNET). In M. Landolt, M. Cloitre, U. Schnyder (Eds.), Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescents: A practical guide for clinicians (pp. 227-250). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
  • Schindler, R., Spiegel, C., & Malachi, E. (1992). Silences: Helping elderly Holocaust victims deal with the past. International Journal of Aging Human Development, 35(4), 243–252. doi: 10.2190/0M5Q-7BYX-44NR-M1GG
  • Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2015). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Stillman, J. (2010). Narrative therapy trauma manual: A principle-based approach. Minneapolis, MN: Caspersen, LLC.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), 19-24. doi: 10.1037/a0021896
  • Thompson, C. T., Vidgen, A., & Roberts, N. P. (2018). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 66-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.006
  • Tuval-Mashiach, R., Freedman, S., Bargai, N., Boker, R., Hadar, H., & Shalev, A. Y. (2004). Coping with trauma: narrative and cognitive perspectives. Psychiatry, 67(3), 280-293. doi: 10.1521/psyc.67.3.280.48977
  • van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 505-525.
  • van Dijk, J. A, Schoutrop, M. J., & Spinhoven, P. (2003). Testimony therapy: Treatment method for traumatized victims of organized violence. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 57(3), 361-373. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.3.361
  • Weine, S. M., Kulenovic, A. D., Pavkovic, I., & Gibbons, R. (1998). Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1720-1726. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.12.1720
  • White, M. (2004). Working with people who are suffering the consequences of multiple trauma: A narrative perspective. International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 2004(1), 45-76.
  • White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  • Yuen, A. (2009). Less pain, more gain: Explorations of responses vs. effects when working with the consequences of trauma. Explorations: An E-Journal of Narrative Practice, 1, 6-16. http://www.dulwichcentre.com.au/explorations-2009-1-angel-yuen.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Kuramsal Derleme
Yazarlar

Gözde İkizer 0000-0003-3567-5991

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Aralık 2018
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA İkizer, G. (2020). Travmanın Nitel ve Öznel Yönlerine Bir Bakış: Öyküsel Terapi Yaklaşımları. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.497048