The Effect of Biochar Application Produced at Different Temperatures on Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Carbon Mineralization of Maize Plants

Abstract

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the dry matter production, % C, % N, % C/N, C/N, K, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu contents and % carbon mineralization rates in the soil of maize plant by adding biochar obtained from the cupules of hazelnut (Coryllus sp.) fruits at two different temperatures (400 °C - 500 °C) at the rate of 0 %, 1 %, 2 %, 3 % and 4 % (w/w) to the soil. Materials and Methods: Hazelnut cupulas collected from Mesudiye district of Ordu province and agricultural soils from Koyulhisar district of Sivas were used in the study. In the soils taken from the agricultural fields, texture type was determined by Bouyoucos method, pH and total salt content measured by pH-meter and Wheatstone bridge method, lime content determined by Scheibler calcimeter, field capacity by 1/3 atm pressure cooker, organic C and total N contents values analyzed by Anne and Kjeldahl methods, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, maize plants were grown in plastic pots according to randomized plot experiment desihn. Biochar obtained from 2 different temperatures 400 and 500 0C were applied 5 different doses (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% w/w) and basic fertilization was done. In plant samples, % C was determined by Anne method, N by Kjeldahl distillation method, P by colorimetric spectrophotometer, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In parallel with the greenhouse experiment, biochar and basic fertilization applications in soils under controlled conditions (28 °C, humidified at 80% of field capacity, 70 days), carbon mineralization was determined using CO2 respiration method and carbon mineralization rates were calculated with the formulas in the literature. Results: The research results showed that the highest dry matter production was obtained in the 1% BD400 application at 14.57 g/pot. Applications of 3% BD500 in nitrogen concentration, 2% BD400 in phosphorus concentration, and 4% BD400 in potassium concentration were important applications. In general, biochar applications produced at 400 °C had a greater effect on macro element concentrations of maize plants, and biochar applications produced at 500 °C on micro element concentrations. 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% doses of biochar produced at 400 °C and basic fertilization applications, other applications where only 3% BD400 application is lower than the control group (0% BD) are slightly higher than the control group. determined to be high. Carbon mineralizations were 0 % BD 1581 µg CO2-C g dried soil-1in the control group; 1628, 1639, 1572, 1603 µg CO2-C g dried soil-1;1563, 1528, 1500, 1522 µg CO2-C g dried soil-1in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% doses of biochar produced at 500 °C and 1039 µg CO2-C gkt-1 in basic fertilizer application, respectively. Conclusion: In general, biochar applications produced at 400 oC had more effect on macro element concentrations of maize plants, while biochar applications produced at 500 oC had more effect on micro element concentrations. As for the mineralization rates of soil carbon, in practice, the mineralization rates at 400 °C are higherthan those at 500 °C, and as a result of the addition of biochar obtained at both degress, the highest soil carbon mineralization rate was determined in the control group.

Keywords

• Biochar
• nutrient uptake
• carbon mineralization
• maize

Farklı Sıcaklıkta Üretilen Biyokömür Uygulamasının Mısır Bitkisinin Verimi, Besin Elementi Alımı ve Karbon Mineralizasyonuna Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de önemli düzeyde üretimi yapılan fındığın (Coryllus sp.) nuks tipindeki meyvelerinin kupululalarından iki farklı sıcaklıkta (400 oC - 500 oC) elde edilen biyokömürün, % 0, % 1, % 2, % 3 ve % 4 (w/w) oranında toprağa ilave edilerek mısır bitkisinin kuru madde üretimi, % C, % N, C/N, K, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu içerikleri ve topraktaki % karbon mineralizasyon oranlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Ordu ili Mesudiye ilçesinden toplanan fındık kupulaları, Sivas Koyulhisar ilçesinden alınan tarım toprakları kullanılmıştır. Tarım alanlarından alınan topraklarda, tekstür tipi Bouyoucos yöntemiyle, pH’sı ve total tuz içerikleri pH-metre ve Wheatstone köprüsü yöntemiyle, kireç içerikleri Scheibler kalsimetresiyle, tarla kapasitesi 1/3 atm’lik basınçlı tencere, organik C içeriği Anne metoduyla, toplam N içeriği Kjeldahl yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Sera koşullarında tesadüfi parselleri deneme desenine göre, plastik saksılarda 5 farklı dozda ve temel gübreleme, iki farklı sıcaklıkta üretilen biyokömür kullanılarak mısır bitkisi yetiştirilmiştir. Bitki örneklerinde % C Anne metodu, N Kjeldahl destilasyon yöntemi, P kolorimetrik spektrofotometre cihazında, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe ve Cu ise Atomik Absorbsiyon Spektrofotometre yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Topraklarda sera denemesine paralel olarak biyokömür ve temel gübreleme uygulamaları kontrollü koşullarda 28 oC, ortam sıcaklığında, tarla kapasitesinin %80’i nem içeriğinde 70 gün süreyle CO2 respirasyon metodu kullanılarak karbon mineralizasyonları belirlenmiş ve literatürdeki formüller ile karbon mineralleşme oranları hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırma bulguları, en yüksek kuru madde üretiminin 14.57 g/saksı ile %1 BD400 (400 °C’de üretilmiş Biyokömür) uygulamasında elde edildiğini göstermiştir. Azot konsantrasyonunda %3 BD500 (500 °C’de üretilmiş Biyokömür), fosfor konsantrasyonunda %2 BD400, potasyum konsantrasyonunda ise %4 BD400 uygulamaları önemli uygulamalar olmuştur. Karbon mineralizasyonu bakımından 400 °C’de üretilen biyokömürün %0, %1, %2, %3, %4 dozları ve temel gübreleme uygulamalarında, kontrol grubundan (% 0 BD) sadece % 3 BD400 uygulamasının düşük olduğu diğer uygulamaların ise kontrol grubuna göre biraz daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toprakların 70 günlük karbon mineralizasyonlarına göre kontrol grubunda % 0 BD 1581 µg CO2-C g kuru toprak-1 iken; 400 °C’de üretilen biyokömür uygulamalarınında %1, %2, %3, %4 dozlarında sırasıyla 1628, 1639, 1572, 1603 µg CO2-C gkt-1; 500 °C’de üretilen biyokömürün %1, %2, %3, %4 dozlarında sırasıyla 1563, 1528, 1500, 1522 µg CO2-C gkt-1 ve temel gübre uygulamasında ise 1039 µg CO2-C gkt-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Genel olarak, mısır bitkilerinin makro element konsantrasyonlarına 400 oC’de üretilen biyokömür uygulamaları, mikro element konsantrasyonlarına ise 500 oC’de üretilen biyokömür uygulamaları daha fazla etkide bulunmuştur. 500 °C’de üretilen biyokömürün %1, %2, %3, %4 dozları ve temel gübreleme uygulamalarında toprakların karbon mineralizasyonu, kontrol grubundan düşük olarak bulunmuştur. Uygulamada toprak karbonlarının mineralleşme oranlarında ise 400 °C’deki oranlar 500 °C’dekine göre daha yüksek olup her iki derecede elde edilen biyokömürün eklenmesi sonucunda en yüksek toprak karbon mineralleşme oranı kontrol grubunda belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyokömür
• Besin elementi alımı
• Karbon mineralizasyonu
• Mısır

Kaynakça

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