Ferula lycia Boiss'in Farklı Organlarındaki Fitokimyasal Varyasyonlar

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Doğu Akdeniz bölgesine özgü ve nesli giderek tükenmekte olan bir bitki türü olan Ferula lycia Boiss.'da uçucu yağ bileşenleri, fenolik asitler ve flavonoid bileşiklerinin organa özgü dağılımını araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Olgun ve olgunlaşmamış meyveler, yapraklar, gövdeler, kökler ve çiçekler olmak üzere farklı bitki kısımlarında ayrı ayrı fitokimyasal analizler gerçekleştirerek, (i) organlar arasında metabolit bileşimi ve verimindeki farklılıkları belirlemeyi, (ii) hangi organların farmakolojik açıdan değerli bileşikler biriktirdiğini belirlemeyi ve (iii) F. lycia'nın farmasötik ve nutrasötik uygulamalarda daha sürdürülebilir ve hedefli kullanımı için bilimsel bir temel sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Materyal ve Yöntem: F. lycia doğal ortamından toplanmış ve çiçek, yaprak, kök, gövde, olgun ve olgunlaşmamış meyve gibi bitki kısımlarına ayrılmıştır. Uçucu yağ analizleri Clevenger tipi bir cihaz kullanılarak hidrodistilasyon yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Fenolik asit ve flavonoid analizleri için bitki organları metanol ile ekstrakte edilmiş ve elde edilen ekstraktlar sıvı kromatografisi-tandem kütle spektrometrisi (LC-MS/MS) sistemi sistemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bileşiklerin miktar tayini 1-200 μg/mL aralığında değişen harici standartlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve sonuçlar μg/mL olarak ifade edilmiştir. Veriler tek yönlü ANOVA kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve organlar arasındaki kimyasal farklılıklar Temel Bileşen Analizi (PCA) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Analiz sonuçları, F. lycia’nın organları arasında önemli kimyasal farklılıklar olduğunu belirlenmiştir. Yapraklar ve çiçekler en yüksek uçucu yağ verimi ile verbenon ve α-phellandrene gibi oksijenli monoterpenler açısından zengin bulunmuştur. Olgunlaşmamış meyveler yüksek seviyelerde α-pinen ve β-pinen içermektedir. Fenolik ve flavonoid içeriği açısından yapraklar, kuersetin, gallik asit ve p-kumarik asit gibi temel bileşiklerin en geniş çeşitliliğini ve en yüksek konsantrasyonlarını göstermiştir. Sonuç: Çalışma, F. lycia’nın uçucu yağı ve polifenol profillerinde bitli organlarına göre farklılıkların olduğu göstermiştir. Yapraklar ve çiçekler en yüksek biyoaktif içeriği göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar toprak üstü organların farmasötik kullanım potansiyelinin toprak altı organlara kıyasla daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Polifenoller
• Sekonder metabolitler
• Şemsiyegiller
• Uçucu yağ

Phytochemical Variations Across Different Organs of Ferula lycia Boiss.

Abstract

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the organ-specific distribution of essential oil components, phenolic acids, and flavonoid compounds in Ferula lycia Boiss., an endemic and increasingly endangered plant species of the Eastern Mediterranean region. By performing separate phytochemical analyses on different plant parts namely ripe and unripe fruits, leaves, stems, roots, and flowers the study seeks to (i) identify variations in metabolite composition and yield across organs, (ii) determine which organs accumulate pharmacologically valuable compounds, and (iii) provide a scientific foundation for more sustainable and targeted use of F. lycia in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Materials and Methods: F. lycia was collected from its natural environment and separated into plant parts such as flower, leaf, root, stem, mature and immature fruit. Essential oil analyses were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. For phenolic acid and flavonoid analyses, plant organs were extracted with methanol and the resulting extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Quantification of compounds was performed using external standards ranging from 1–200 μg/mL, and results were expressed as μg/mL. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and chemical differences between organs were determined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The analysis results indicated significant chemical differences among the organs of F. lycia. Leaves and flowers were found to have the highest essential oil yields and were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes such as verbenone and α-phellandrene. Immature fruits contained high levels of α-pinene and β-pinene. In terms of phenolic and flavonoid content, leaves showed the widest diversity and highest concentrations of key compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Conclusion: The study showed that the essential oil and polyphenol profiles of F. lycia differed according to the plant organs. Leaves and flowers showed the highest bioactive content. These results indicated that the aerial organs have a higher pharmaceutical potential than the underground organs.

Keywords

• Polyphenols
• Secondary metabolites
• Umbelliferae
• Volatile oil

Kaynakça

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