Bazı Ispanak Çeşitlerinde Yaprak Özellikleri ve Verim Bileşenlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

Amaç: Ispanak sevilerek tüketilen, insan belenmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olan bir sebze türüdür. Ispanak yetiştiriciliğinde genellikle hibrit çeşitler tercih edilmekte olup, yaprak kalitesi ve verim komponentleri en önemli kriterler arasındadır. Bu amaçla; Türkiye’de yetiştiriciliği yapılan 8 ticari ıspanak çeşidi ile 2 ıslah hattının yaprak kalitesi ve verim komponentleri belirlenmiştir. Materyal ve Yöntemler: Türkiye’de yetiştiriciliği yapılan 8 ticari ıspanak çeşidi (Nebraska F1, Matador, Parrot RZ F1, Sardes F1, Racoon RZ F1, Ranchero F1, El Salvatore, Rembrant F1) ile S7 ıslah kademesinden 2 genotip (G1 ve G2) bitkisel materyali oluşturmuştur. Çalışma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak saksılarda yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar: Tüm çeşitlerin yapraklarında antosiyanin birikmesinin olduğu ve genellikle koyu yeşil yaprak rengine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Çeşitler arasında bitki ağırlığı 20.21-48.67 g arasında değişmiştir. Yapılan kıyaslama analizleri sonucunda, yaprak gözlemleri kendi arasında verim komponentleri kendi arasında güçlü pozitif korelasyonlar sergilemişlerdir. Verim komponentleri yönünden Ranchero F1, Racoon RZ F1 ve El Salvatore çeşitleri en iyi çeşitler olarak bulunmuş ve bunlara en yakın ıslah hattı ise G2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmada kullanılan analiz metotları ve çalışma sonuçları yapılacak olan ıspanak ıslahı çalışmalarına önemli katkı sunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Islah hedefleri
• morfolojik özellikler
• PCA
• Spinacea oleracea
• verim

Comparative Analysis of Leaf Characteristics and Yield Components in Some Spinach Varieties

Abstract

Objectives: Spinach is a widely consumed vegetable that holds an important place in human nutrition. Hybrid varieties are generally preferred in spinach cultivation, with leaf quality and yield components being among the most important criteria. For this purpose, the leaf quality and yield components of 8 commercial hybrid spinach cultivars and 2 breeding lines grown in Turkey were determined. Materials and Methods: Eight commercially grown hybrid spinach cultivars cultivated in Turkey (Nebraska F1, Matador, Parrot RZ F1, Sardes F1, Racoon RZ F1, Ranchero F1, El Salvatore, Rembrandt F1) and two genotypes (G1 and G2) from the S7 breeding line were used to form the plant material. The study was conducted in pots using a randomized block design with three replications. Results: All varieties showed anthocyanin accumulation in their leaves and generally had a dark green leaf color. Plant weight varied between 20.21 and 48.67 g among the varieties. As a result of the comparative analyses, leaf observations showed strong positive correlations among themselves and yield components among themselves. In terms of yield components, Ranchero F1, Racoon RZ F1, and El Salvatore varieties were found to be the best varieties, and the closest breeding line to these was identified as G2. Conclusion: The analytical methods and results used in this study will make a significant contribution to future spinach breeding studies.

Keywords

• Breeding objectives
• morphological characteristics
• PCA
• Spinacea oleracea
• yield

Kaynakça

1. Balasubramaniam, A. K., Saste, G., Kureshi, A. A., Mulay, V., & Hingorani, L. (2025). Nutritional and health beneficial properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L): A comprehensive review. Pharmacological Research-Natural Products, 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100368
2. Chaudhari, V. M., Singh, O. B., Gouthami, N. S., Thakur, N., Singh, R., Singh, S., Thapa, U., & Nagar, B. L. (2024). Unlocking the nutritional power of vegetables: A guide to vibrant health. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 16, 247-261. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i81512
3. Ekinci, M., Ors, S., Sahin, U., Yildirim, E., & Dursun, A. (2015). Responses to the irrigation water amount of spinach supplemented with organic amendment in greenhouse conditions. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 46(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.980827
4. FAO, (2025). Food and Agriculture Organization, Crop Production Statistics, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Access Date: February 10, 2025.
5. Gayretli, G., 2025. Determination of population structure of the qualified spinach gene pool and obtaining of F1 spinach varieties candidates resistant to Peronospora effusa (Pe). PhD thesis. Selcuk University, Konya
6. Ghonji, M., Khaleghi, A., Khadivi, A., & Tunç, Y. (2026). Multivariate analysis of Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f. based on morphological characteristics. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41103-3
7. Grevsen, K., & Kaack, K. (1997). Quality attributes and morphological characteristics of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars for industrial processing. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production, 2(2), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1300/J068v02n02_03
8. Howlader, N. C., Bulbul, M. T. A., Islam, M. Z., Arafat, E., Rana, M. S., & Hasan, M. Z. (2025). Assessing rice genotypes based on agro-morphological characterization and diversity analysis in southern Bangladesh. Discover Plants, 2(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00253-w

9. Jahan, N., Ahmed, Q.M., Islam, M. R., Khatun, M.F., Jahan, N. (2022). Assessment of genetic diversity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) using some morphological traits. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.333365
10. Kayak, N., Kal, Ü., Dal, Y., Yavuz, D., & Seymen, M. (2023). Do proline and glycine betaine mitigate the adverse effects of water stress in spinach? Gesunde Pflanzen, 75(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00675-6
11. Khadivi, A., Mirheidari, F., Tunç, Y., Saeidifar, A., & Moradi, Y. (2025). Multivariate analysis of pomological and morphological diversity in Withania coagulans, a neglected medicinal plant. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 26727. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11962-3
12. Khan, M. A., Yousaf, M. W., Ahmed, H. G. M. D., Fatima, N., & Alam, B. (2024). Assessing genetic diversity for some Pakistani bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under drought stress based on yield traits. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 71(7), 3563-3573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-01864-0
13. Köse, E., 2018, Determination of the morphological characteristics of some spinach accessions, MSc Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ.
14. Krarup, C., Moreira, I., Contreras, P., Matte, M., & Rodriguez, M. (1998). Hortalizas de estación fría. Biología y diversidad cultural. P. Universidad Católica de Chile, VRA, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Santiago, Chile. Disponible desde.
15. Mohebodini, M., Sabaghnia, N., Behtash, F., & Janmohammadi, M. (2017). Principal component analysis of some quantitative and qualitative traits in Iranian spinach landraces. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71(4), 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0052
16. Morelock TE, Correll JC (2008) Spinach. In: Prohens J, Nuez F (eds) Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Springer, New York, pp 189–218
17. Nasrabadi, M. D., Hassandokht, M., Mirahmadi, S. F., & Hassanpanah, D. (2022). Evaluation of diversity in spinach populations based on cytogenetical characteristics and their relation with morphological and physiological traits. Agricultural Research, 11(2), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-021-00569-5
18. Noonan, S. C., & Savage, G. P. (2002). Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 8, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00038.x
19. Özdestan, Ö., & Üren, A. (2010). Nitrate and Nitrite in Foods. Acedemic Foods, 8(6), 35-43.
20. Rashid, M., Yousaf, Z., Ullah, M. N., Munawar, M., Riaz, N., Younas, A., Aftab, A., & Shamsheer, B. (2020). Genetic variability assessment of worldwide spinach accessions by agro-morphological traits. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 14(1), 1637-1650. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2020.1853920
21. Sabaghnia, N., Asadi-Gharneh, H. A., & Janmohammadı, M. (2014). Genetic diversity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) landraces collected in Iran using some morphological traits. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 103(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2014.103.1.11
22. Seymen, M., Alkhateb, R., Mutlu, A., & Yavuz, D. (2024). Do exogenous melatonin and nitric oxide mitigate the adverse effects of flooding stress in spinach?. Scientia Horticulturae, 330, 113081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113081
23. Singh, G., Kawatra, A., & Sehgal, S. (2001). Nutritional composition of selected green leafy vegetables, herbs and carrots. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 56(4), 359-364. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011873119620
24. Sönmez, İ., Erol, Ü. H., & Sarpkaya, K. (2025). Comprehensive morphological and biochemical characterization of garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes using multivariate analysis. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 856. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06859-2
25. Sultana, F., Dev, W., Zhi, X., Sakibul, H., Han, Y., Feng, L., Yang, B., Lei, Y., Jiao, Y., Ma, Y., & Li, Y. (2025). Heatmap clustering and performance analysis of cotton genotypes in response to environmental conditions. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 19297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02682-9
26. Şişman, M., Kal, S., Avşar, B., & Seymen, M. (2025). Interactive effects of water salinity and water-deficit on biochemical content and photosynthetic activity of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 39(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1641503
27. Van der Vossen HAM (2004) Spinacia oleracea. In: Grubben GJH, Denton OA (eds) Plant resources of tropical Africa 2: vegetables. Backhuys Publishers, Wageningen, pp 513–515
28. Wang, X., Cai, X., Xu, C., Zhao, Q., Ge, C., Dai, S., & Wang, Q. H. (2018). Diversity of nitrate, oxalate, vitamin C and carotenoid contents in different spinach accessions and their correlation with various morphological traits. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 93(4), 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2017.1404438