Xenia and metaxenia in hazelnuts: Effects of pollinizer cultivars on nut set and nut characteristics of some hazelnut cultivars

Öz

This study has been conducted between 2015 and 2016 at Hazelnut Research Institute in Giresun. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the pollinizer cultivars on the nut and kernel characteristics. Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak, Foşa and Allahverdi were used as main cultivars while Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak, Foşa, Allahverdi, Sivri, Kalınkara and Yassı Badem were used as pollinizer cultivars. Self-pollination was considered as a control and open-pollination was taken as an application. In the study, it was determined that the pollinizer cultivars caused changes in some nut and kernel characteristics with the xenia and metaxenia effects. The effects of pollinizers on nut set and number of nut in clusters were quite obvious. Self-pollination resulted in low nut set and number of nut in clusters, indicating it is self-incompatible. Open pollination and different cross-pollination treatments increased nut set and number of nut in clusters. It is estimated that the changes in the pomological characteristics may be related to the nut set as well as the pollen sources. The kernel percentage and good kernel were generally low in self-pollination. Open-pollination and cross- pollination treatments increased kernel percentage and good kernel. It has also been improved that the pollinizer cultivars may cause changes in nut shape. Palaz pollination treatment caused decrease of nut shape index in main cultivars.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Corylus avellana,tozlayıcı çeşit,kseni,metakseni,meyve özellikleri,verim,kalite

Xenia and metaxenia in hazelnuts: Effects on nut set and nut characteristics

Abstract

This study has been conducted between 2015 and 2016 at Hazelnut Research Institute in Giresun. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the pollinizer cultivars in the nut and kernel characteristics. Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak, Foşa and Allahverdi are used as main cultivars and Tombul, Palaz, Çakıldak, Foşa, Allahverdi, Sivri, Kalınkara and Yassı Badem were used as a pollinizer cultivars. Self-pollination was considered as a control and open-pollination was taken as a separate application.

In the study, it was determined that the pollinizer cultivars caused changes in some nut and kernel characteristics with a xenia and metaxenia effect. The effects of applications on cluster set and number of nut in clusters has been quite striking. It is estimated that the changes in the pomological characteristics may be related to the cluster set as well as the pollen sources. It has also been improved that the pollinizer cultivars may cause changes in nut shape.

Keywords

• Corylus avellana,pollinizer cultivar,xenia,metaxenia,nut characteristics,yield,quality

Kaynakça

1. Ak, B.E., 2001. Effects of different pistacia species pollen on fruit dimension and weight in the ‘Kırmızı’ variety. XI. Grempa Seminar on Pistachios and Almonds, Zaragozai CHİEAM, 311-314.Anagnostakis, S.L., Devin, P., 1998. Lack of effect of pollen parent on nut weight of chesnuts. NNGA Annual Report, 89: 15-17. Balık, H.İ., Beyhan, N., 2011. Meyve Türlerinde Dikogami. Türkiye VI. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, Meyvecilik Cilt 1, 4-8 Ekim 2011, Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Şanlıurfa, Sayfa; 964-969. Balık, H.İ., Balık, S.K., Köse, Ç.B., Duyar, Ö., Sıray, E., Sezer, A., Turan A., Beyhan, N., Erdoğan, V., İslam, A., Kurt H., Ak, K., Kalkışım, Ö., 2014. Development of the New Cultivars of Hazelnut by Selection from Tombul Hazelnut Populations in Giresun and Trabzon Provinces. International Mesopotamia Agriculture Congress, 22-25 September 2014, 172-179, Diyarbakır, Turkey.Balık, H.İ., Kayalak Balık, S., Beyhan, N., Erdoğan, V., 2016. Fındık Çeşitleri (Hazelnut Cultivars). Klasmat Matbaacılık, 96, Trabzon, Türkiye.Beyhan, N., 2000. Fındığın Döllenme Biyolojisi. Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15:2, 116-122.Beyhan, N., Marangoz, D., 2007. An investigation of the relationship between reproductive growth and yield loss in hazelnut. Scientia Horticulturae, 113:2, 208-215.Çakır, B., Genç, Ç., 1979. Fındıkta (Corylus avellana L.) tozlanma ve tozlayıcı seçim çalışmaları. Tarımsal Araştırma Dergisi, Cilt:1, Sayı:2. Çetiner, E., Okay, A.N., Baş, F.,1984. Yuvarlak Pomolojik Grubunda Çeşit ve Tozlayıcı Ön Seçimi. Proje sonuç raporu, Fındık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Giresun. De Nettancourt, D., 1977. Incompatibility in angiosperms. Monographs Therotical and Applied Genetics 3. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Denney, J.O., 1992. Xenia includes metaxenia. Hortscience, 27:7, 722-728.Dicenta, F., Ortega, E., Canovas, J.A., Egea, J., 2002. Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination in almond: Pollen tube growth, fruit set and fruit characteristics. Plant Breeding, 121: 163-167.Erdoğan, V., Mehlenbacher, S.A., 2001. Incompatibility in Wild Corylus Species. Proceedings V. International Congress on Hazelnut. 30 July 2001, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 556, 163-169, USA.Erdoğan V., Mehlenbacher, S.A., 1997. Preliminary results on interspesific hybridization in Corylus. IV. International Symposium on Hazelnut. 1 May 1997, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 445, 65-71, Ordu, Turkey.Fatahi, R., Mohammadzedeh, M., Khadivi-Khub, A., 2014. Influence of different pollen sources on nut and kernel characteristics of hazelnut. Scientia Horticulturae, 173: 15-19.Focke, W.O., 1881. Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge:ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Gewachse. Bomtrae-ger, 510-518, Berlin.Golzari, M., Hassani, D., Rahemi, M., Vahdati, K., 2016. Xenia and metaxenia in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Nuts 7:2, 101-108.İslam, A., Özgüven, A.I., Bostan, S.Z., Karadeniz, T., 2005. Relationships among nut characteristics in the important hazelnut cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8:6, 914-917.Kirkpatrick, E.M., (editor) 1987. Chambers 20th century dictionary. New ed. Chambers, Edinburgh.Köksal, A.İ., 2002. Türk Fındık Çeşitleri. Fındık Tanıtım Grubu, 136, Ankara.Legave, J.V., Richard, J.C., Thermoz, J.P., Duval, H., 1997. Lauranne ‘Avijor’ dans la course. Fruits Legumes, 155: 36-38.Lield, B.E., Anderson, N.O., 1993. Reproductive barriers: Cidentification, uses and circumvention. Plant Breeding Review, 11: 11-154.Morris, W., (editor) 1976. The American heritage dictionary of the English language. Hough Mifflin, Boston.Nawaschin, S.1898. Resultat einer Revision des Befruhtusvorganger bei Lillium martagon und Fritillaria tenella Bul. de Academia Imp. de St.Petersbou, 9:1-6.Neufeldt, V., (editor) 1988. Webster’s New World dictionary of American English. 3rd College ed. Webster’s New World, New York. Okay, A.N., Çalışkan, T., Çakırmelikoğlu, C., 1999. Fındık Genetik Kaynakları Projesi ‘Allahverdi’ Fındık Çeşidinin Tanımlanması. Sonuç raporu, Fındık Araştırma Enstitüsü.Olsen, J.L., Mehlenbacher, S.A., Azarenko, A.N., 2000. Hazelnut pollination. HorTechnology, January–March 2000 10: 1, Pollination Workshop Proceedings.Owais, S.J., 2014. Self-incompatibility and effect of reciprocal cross and open pollination on fruit set and fruit characteristics in joardanian almond landraces. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 9: 3, 466-476-3.Reiger, R., Michaelis, A., Green, M.M., (editor) 1976. Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics, classical and molecular. 4th ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Romero, A., Tous, J., Durfort, M., Rius, M., 2003. Histology of hazelnut kernel affected by brown spots in kernel cavity physiopathy. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 1: 3, 47-53. Soule, J., 1985. Glossary for horticultural crops. Wiley, New York.Strasburger, E., 1878. Uber polyembryonie. Zeitschr. für Naturwiss, 12: 654-678.Swingle, W.T., 1928. Metaxenia in the date palm, possibly o hormone action by the embryo or endosperm, Journal of Heredity, 19: 257-268.Thompson, M.M., 1979. Growth and development of the pistillate flower and nut in ‘Barcelona’ filbert. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 104: 427-432.Vezvaei, A., Jackson, J.F., 1995. Effect of pollen parent and stages of flower development on almond nut production. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 35: 109-113.Westwood, M.N., 1989. Temperate-zone pomology. W.H. Freeman, 373-376, New York.Winburne, J.N., (editor) 1962. A dictionary of agricultural and allied terminology. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Michigan.Xuhui, Z., Deyi, Y., Feng, Z., Xiaoming, F., Jing, T., Zhoujun, Z., 2016. A study on the xenia effect in Castanea henryi. Horticultural Plant Journal, 2: 86, 301-308.Xie, M., Liu, Z.P., 2014. Studies on pollen viability and pollen-stigma compatibility of hybrid hazelnut. Proceedings VIII. International Congress on Hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae 1052, 117-119, Chile.Yao, Q., Mehlenbacher, S.A., 2000. Heritability, variance components and correlation of morphological and phenological traits in hazelnut. Plant Breeding 119: 369-381.