K–12 Eğitiminde Yapay Zekâ Destekli İngilizce Dil Öğretimi: Dört Beceri, Kelime ve Dilbilgisi Odaklı Bir Yaklaşım
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 209 - 227, 19.06.2025
Nilgün Korkut
Öz
Yapay zekâ destekli uygulamaların dil eğitimine katkısı, özellikle K–12 düzeyinde giderek daha çok ilgi görmektedir. Son yıllarda geliştirilen araçlar, dört temel dil becerisiyle birlikte kelime bilgisi ve dilbilgisi öğretiminde de öğretmenlere farklı imkânlar sunmaktadır. Ancak mevcut çalışmaların büyük bir kısmı ya belirli becerilere odaklanmakta ya da daha çok yetişkin öğrenicilerle sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, K–12 bağlamında yapay zekâ destekli dil öğretimini bütüncül bir bakışla ele almakta ve dinleme, konuşma, okuma, yazma becerilerinin yanı sıra kelime ve dilbilgisi gelişimine yönelik uygulamaları kavramsal düzeyde incelemektedir. Literatür temelli olarak yürütülen çalışmada, yapay zekâ araçlarının öğrencilerin katılımı, motivasyonu ve beceri gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiş; ayrıca öğretmenlerin karşılaştığı zorluklar ve uygulamada dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, sınıf içi uygulamalara ve gelecekte yapılabilecek araştırmalara yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma, insan katılımcılarla doğrudan veri toplamayı içermediğinden etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir. Etik kurallara ve akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.
Destekleyen Kurum
Istanbul Aydın Üniversitesi
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, yüksek lisans öğrenimim süresince bana katkı sağlayan tüm akademisyenlere teşekkürlerimi sunarım.
Kaynakça
-
Agustini, N. (2023). Examining the role of ChatGPT as a learning tool in promoting students' English language learning autonomy relevant to Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v4i2.373
-
Alhawiti, K. (2014). Natural language processing and its use in education. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 5(12), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2014.051210
-
Attali, Y., & Burstein, J. (2006). Automated essay scoring with e-rater® V.2. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 4(3), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.2004.tb01972.x
-
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
-
Belda-Medina, J., & Calvo-Ferrer, J. (2022). Using chatbots as AI conversational partners in language learning. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8427. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178427
-
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
-
Chen, M.-H., Huang, S.-T., Chang, J. S., & Liou, H.-C. (2015). Developing a corpus-based paraphrase tool to improve EFL learners' writing skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.783873
-
Daweli, T. W., & Mahyoub, R. A. M. (2024). Exploring EFL learners’ perspectives on using AI tools and their impacts in reading instruction: An exploratory study. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on CALL, 10, 160–171. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call10.11
-
De La Vall, R., & Araya, F. (2023). Exploring the benefits and challenges of AI-language learning tools. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(1), Article 02. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.02
-
Dennis, N. (2024). Using AI-powered speech recognition technology to improve English pronunciation and speaking skills. IAFOR Journal of Education, 12(2), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.12.2.05
-
Ferrara, E. (2023). Should ChatGPT be biased? Challenges and risks of bias in large language models. First Monday, 28(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i11.13346
-
Fu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, S., & Chen, Y. (2021). Perceptions of non-English major college students on learning English vocabulary with gamified apps. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(18), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i18.24125
-
Grubaugh, S., Levitt, G., & Deever, D. (2023). Harnessing AI to power constructivist learning: An evolution in educational methodologies. Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, 1(3), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.59652/jetm.v1i3.43
-
Harrell, W. (1998). Computer-assisted instruction: Enhancements for language-learning applications (Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University). Louisiana State University Libraries. https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6833
-
Hornay, P. (2021). Cognitive load theory and the English language instruction. ACCENTIA: Journal of English Language and Education, 1(1), 43–55. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priscilla-Hornay/publication/371558712_Cognitive_Load_Theory_and_the_English_Language_Instruction/links/66cde4392390e50b2c1aa703/Cognitive-Load-Theory-and-the-English-Language-Instruction.pdf
-
Ibrahim, S., & Bilquise, G. (2024). Beyond ChatGPT: Benchmarking speech-recognition chatbots for language learning using a novel decision-making framework. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13252-3
-
Jeon, J., Lee, S., & Choe, H. (2023). Beyond ChatGPT: A conceptual framework and systematic review of speech-recognition chatbots for language learning. Computers & Education, 206, 104898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104898
-
Jose, D. (2024). Data privacy and security concerns in AI-integrated educational platforms. Recent Trends in Management and Commerce, 5(2), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.46632/rmc/5/2/19
-
Kazu, I. Y., & Kuvvetli, M. (2023). The influence of pronunciation education via artificial intelligence technology on vocabulary acquisition in learning English. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(2), 480–493. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.2.1044
-
Kim, H.-S., & Song, E. (2024). Investigation of AI grammar checkers on grammar learning and students’ perception in L2 writing context. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 24, 531–553. https://doi.org/10.15738/kjell.24..202406.531
-
Klimova, B., Pikhart, M., & Kacetl, J. (2023). Ethical issues of the use of AI-driven mobile apps for education. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 1118116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1118116
-
Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
-
Kumar, N., Prasad, S., & Singh, C. P. (2024). Teacher-student interaction in the age of AI: From students' perspective. Nanotechnology Perceptions, 20(S14), 3832–3843. Retrieved from https://nano-ntp.com/index.php/nano/article/view/3637
-
Lalira, J., Pangemanan, Y., Scipio, J., Lumi, S., Merentek, T., & Tumuju, V. (2024). Evaluating the impact of AI tools on grammar mastery: A comparative study of learning outcomes. Voices of English Language Education Society, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i3.27856
-
Lan, Y., Li, X., Du, H., Lu, X., Gao, M., Qian, W., & Zhou, A. (2024). Survey of natural language processing for education: Taxonomy, systematic review, and future trends [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07518
-
Lingaiah, J. (2024). AI-driven chatbots as language tutors: Enhancing written proficiency in ESL. International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijhss.2410
-
Jeon, J., Lee, S., & Choe, H. (2023). Beyond ChatGPT: A conceptual framework and systematic review of speech-recognition chatbots for language learning. Computers & Education, 206, 104898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104898
-
Jomaa, N., Attamimi, R., & Al Mahri, M. (2024). Utilising artificial intelligence (AI) in vocabulary learning by EFL Omani students: The effect of age, gender, and level of study. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 6(5), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v6i5.6968
-
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
-
Mohammad, T., Alzubi, A. A. F., Nazim, M., & Khan, S. I. (2024). Paraphrasing prowess: Unveiling the insights of EFL students and teachers on QuillBot mastery. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(5), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2024.14.5.2088
-
Nurtazina, M., & Nurseitov, A. (2024). Innovative approaches to language learning through the lens of artificial intelligence. In Proceedings of the 10th Socratic Lectures (pp. 222–225). https://doi.org/10.55295/PSL.2024.I29
-
Nwana, H. S. (1990). Intelligent tutoring systems: An overview. Artificial Intelligence Review, 4(4), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168958
-
Özçelik, N. P., & Yangın Ekşi, G. (2024). Cultivating writing skills: The role of ChatGPT as a learning assistant—a case study. Smart Learning Environments, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00296-8
-
Palliyalil, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2020). Byju’s The Learning App: An investigative study on the transformation from traditional learning to technology-based personalized learning. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), 5054–5059. Retrieved from https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/Byjus-The-Learning-App-An-Investigative-Study-On-The-Transformation-From-Traditional-Learning-To-Technology-Based-Personalized-Learning.pdf
-
Schmidt-Fajlik, R. (2023). ChatGPT as a grammar checker for Japanese English language learners: A comparison with Grammarly and ProWritingAid. AsiaCALL Online Journal, 14(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.54855/acoj.231417
-
Shah, P. K., Joshiara, H. A., Mundanad, M., Patel, C., Padheriya, H., & Bhatt, D. (2024). Machine learning advancements in education: An in-depth analysis and prospective directions. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(3), 3229–3237. https://ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/download/5928/4680/11012
-
Song, C., & Song, Y. (2023). Enhancing academic writing skills and motivation: Assessing the efficacy of ChatGPT in AI-assisted language learning for EFL students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1260843. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260843
-
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
-
Syahnaz, M., & Fithriani, R. (2023). Utilizing artificial intelligence-based paraphrasing tool in EFL writing class: A focus on Indonesian university students’ perceptions. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v7i2.14882
-
VanLehn, K. (2011). The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46(4), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
-
Wang, S., & Shi, X. (2021). Research on correction method of spoken pronunciation accuracy of AI virtual English reading. Advances in Multimedia, 2021, Article ID 6783205. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6783205
-
Wei, L. (2023). Artificial intelligence in language instruction: Impact on English learning achievement, L2 motivation, and self-regulated learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1261955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1261955
-
Wei-Xun, L., & Jia-Ying, Z. (2024). Impact of AI-driven language learning apps on vocabulary acquisition among English learners. Research Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.62583/rseltl.v2i1.32
-
Wen, Y., Chiu, M., Guo, X., & Wang, Z. (2024). AI-powered vocabulary learning for lower primary school students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 734–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13537
-
Yu, H., & Wen, J. (2023). Implementing extensive graded reading in English as a foreign language teaching through Newsela. RELC Journal, 55(3), 865–870. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231209537
-
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education—Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
-
Zou, B., Guan, X., Shao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Supporting speaking practice by social network-based interaction in artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted language learning. Sustainability, 15(4), 2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042872
AI-Enhanced English Language Teaching in K–12 Education: A Focus on Four Skills, Vocabulary, and Grammar
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 209 - 227, 19.06.2025
Nilgün Korkut
Öz
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools have started to play an important role in language education, especially at the K–12 level. In recent years, various applications have been developed to support not only the four basic language skills but also vocabulary and grammar instruction. However, many existing studies focus on specific skills or mainly on adult learners. This study aims to present a holistic perspective on AI-supported language teaching in the K–12 context, examining how these technologies contribute to listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, and grammar development. Based on a conceptual review of the literature, the study discusses the effects of AI tools on learner engagement, motivation, and skill improvement. It also considers the difficulties that teachers may face during implementation. The findings provide practical suggestions for classroom practices and future research.
Etik Beyan
This study does not involve any human participants or data collection. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. The research was conducted in accordance with academic integrity and ethical principles.
Destekleyen Kurum
Istanbul Aydın University
Teşekkür
The author gratefully acknowledges the academic support received during the MA in English Language Teaching program.
Kaynakça
-
Agustini, N. (2023). Examining the role of ChatGPT as a learning tool in promoting students' English language learning autonomy relevant to Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v4i2.373
-
Alhawiti, K. (2014). Natural language processing and its use in education. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 5(12), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2014.051210
-
Attali, Y., & Burstein, J. (2006). Automated essay scoring with e-rater® V.2. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 4(3), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.2004.tb01972.x
-
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
-
Belda-Medina, J., & Calvo-Ferrer, J. (2022). Using chatbots as AI conversational partners in language learning. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8427. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178427
-
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
-
Chen, M.-H., Huang, S.-T., Chang, J. S., & Liou, H.-C. (2015). Developing a corpus-based paraphrase tool to improve EFL learners' writing skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.783873
-
Daweli, T. W., & Mahyoub, R. A. M. (2024). Exploring EFL learners’ perspectives on using AI tools and their impacts in reading instruction: An exploratory study. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on CALL, 10, 160–171. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call10.11
-
De La Vall, R., & Araya, F. (2023). Exploring the benefits and challenges of AI-language learning tools. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(1), Article 02. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.02
-
Dennis, N. (2024). Using AI-powered speech recognition technology to improve English pronunciation and speaking skills. IAFOR Journal of Education, 12(2), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.12.2.05
-
Ferrara, E. (2023). Should ChatGPT be biased? Challenges and risks of bias in large language models. First Monday, 28(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i11.13346
-
Fu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, S., & Chen, Y. (2021). Perceptions of non-English major college students on learning English vocabulary with gamified apps. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(18), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i18.24125
-
Grubaugh, S., Levitt, G., & Deever, D. (2023). Harnessing AI to power constructivist learning: An evolution in educational methodologies. Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, 1(3), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.59652/jetm.v1i3.43
-
Harrell, W. (1998). Computer-assisted instruction: Enhancements for language-learning applications (Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University). Louisiana State University Libraries. https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6833
-
Hornay, P. (2021). Cognitive load theory and the English language instruction. ACCENTIA: Journal of English Language and Education, 1(1), 43–55. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priscilla-Hornay/publication/371558712_Cognitive_Load_Theory_and_the_English_Language_Instruction/links/66cde4392390e50b2c1aa703/Cognitive-Load-Theory-and-the-English-Language-Instruction.pdf
-
Ibrahim, S., & Bilquise, G. (2024). Beyond ChatGPT: Benchmarking speech-recognition chatbots for language learning using a novel decision-making framework. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13252-3
-
Jeon, J., Lee, S., & Choe, H. (2023). Beyond ChatGPT: A conceptual framework and systematic review of speech-recognition chatbots for language learning. Computers & Education, 206, 104898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104898
-
Jose, D. (2024). Data privacy and security concerns in AI-integrated educational platforms. Recent Trends in Management and Commerce, 5(2), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.46632/rmc/5/2/19
-
Kazu, I. Y., & Kuvvetli, M. (2023). The influence of pronunciation education via artificial intelligence technology on vocabulary acquisition in learning English. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(2), 480–493. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.2.1044
-
Kim, H.-S., & Song, E. (2024). Investigation of AI grammar checkers on grammar learning and students’ perception in L2 writing context. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 24, 531–553. https://doi.org/10.15738/kjell.24..202406.531
-
Klimova, B., Pikhart, M., & Kacetl, J. (2023). Ethical issues of the use of AI-driven mobile apps for education. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 1118116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1118116
-
Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
-
Kumar, N., Prasad, S., & Singh, C. P. (2024). Teacher-student interaction in the age of AI: From students' perspective. Nanotechnology Perceptions, 20(S14), 3832–3843. Retrieved from https://nano-ntp.com/index.php/nano/article/view/3637
-
Lalira, J., Pangemanan, Y., Scipio, J., Lumi, S., Merentek, T., & Tumuju, V. (2024). Evaluating the impact of AI tools on grammar mastery: A comparative study of learning outcomes. Voices of English Language Education Society, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i3.27856
-
Lan, Y., Li, X., Du, H., Lu, X., Gao, M., Qian, W., & Zhou, A. (2024). Survey of natural language processing for education: Taxonomy, systematic review, and future trends [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07518
-
Lingaiah, J. (2024). AI-driven chatbots as language tutors: Enhancing written proficiency in ESL. International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijhss.2410
-
Jeon, J., Lee, S., & Choe, H. (2023). Beyond ChatGPT: A conceptual framework and systematic review of speech-recognition chatbots for language learning. Computers & Education, 206, 104898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104898
-
Jomaa, N., Attamimi, R., & Al Mahri, M. (2024). Utilising artificial intelligence (AI) in vocabulary learning by EFL Omani students: The effect of age, gender, and level of study. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 6(5), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v6i5.6968
-
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
-
Mohammad, T., Alzubi, A. A. F., Nazim, M., & Khan, S. I. (2024). Paraphrasing prowess: Unveiling the insights of EFL students and teachers on QuillBot mastery. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 14(5), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2024.14.5.2088
-
Nurtazina, M., & Nurseitov, A. (2024). Innovative approaches to language learning through the lens of artificial intelligence. In Proceedings of the 10th Socratic Lectures (pp. 222–225). https://doi.org/10.55295/PSL.2024.I29
-
Nwana, H. S. (1990). Intelligent tutoring systems: An overview. Artificial Intelligence Review, 4(4), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168958
-
Özçelik, N. P., & Yangın Ekşi, G. (2024). Cultivating writing skills: The role of ChatGPT as a learning assistant—a case study. Smart Learning Environments, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00296-8
-
Palliyalil, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2020). Byju’s The Learning App: An investigative study on the transformation from traditional learning to technology-based personalized learning. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), 5054–5059. Retrieved from https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/Byjus-The-Learning-App-An-Investigative-Study-On-The-Transformation-From-Traditional-Learning-To-Technology-Based-Personalized-Learning.pdf
-
Schmidt-Fajlik, R. (2023). ChatGPT as a grammar checker for Japanese English language learners: A comparison with Grammarly and ProWritingAid. AsiaCALL Online Journal, 14(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.54855/acoj.231417
-
Shah, P. K., Joshiara, H. A., Mundanad, M., Patel, C., Padheriya, H., & Bhatt, D. (2024). Machine learning advancements in education: An in-depth analysis and prospective directions. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 12(3), 3229–3237. https://ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/download/5928/4680/11012
-
Song, C., & Song, Y. (2023). Enhancing academic writing skills and motivation: Assessing the efficacy of ChatGPT in AI-assisted language learning for EFL students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1260843. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260843
-
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
-
Syahnaz, M., & Fithriani, R. (2023). Utilizing artificial intelligence-based paraphrasing tool in EFL writing class: A focus on Indonesian university students’ perceptions. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v7i2.14882
-
VanLehn, K. (2011). The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46(4), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
-
Wang, S., & Shi, X. (2021). Research on correction method of spoken pronunciation accuracy of AI virtual English reading. Advances in Multimedia, 2021, Article ID 6783205. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6783205
-
Wei, L. (2023). Artificial intelligence in language instruction: Impact on English learning achievement, L2 motivation, and self-regulated learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1261955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1261955
-
Wei-Xun, L., & Jia-Ying, Z. (2024). Impact of AI-driven language learning apps on vocabulary acquisition among English learners. Research Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.62583/rseltl.v2i1.32
-
Wen, Y., Chiu, M., Guo, X., & Wang, Z. (2024). AI-powered vocabulary learning for lower primary school students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 734–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13537
-
Yu, H., & Wen, J. (2023). Implementing extensive graded reading in English as a foreign language teaching through Newsela. RELC Journal, 55(3), 865–870. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231209537
-
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education—Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
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