Hindistan-Çin-ABD Üçgeninde "Hint-Pasifik" Kavramsallaştırması

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 69 - 102, 27.12.2018

Duygu Çağla Bayram , Mohammad Arafat

Öz

21. yüzyılda küresel güç dengesinin değiştiği, ABD’nin göreli gücünün azaldığı ve dünyanın ağırlık merkezinin Atlantik’ten Asya-Pasifik’e doğru evrildiği aşikârdır. Asya’nın iki devi Çin ve Hindistan’ın yükselişi dikkatleri Asya-Pasifik bölgesine çekmiş; özellikle de Çin’in ‘barışçıl yükselişi’ hasebiyle, bölgede stratejilerin yeniden yazıldığı bir sürece girilmiştir. Artık Asya-Pasifik kavramı yerini “Hint-Pasifik” kavramsallaştırmasına bırakmaktadır. “Hint-Pasifik”, Hint Okyanusu ve Pasifik Okyanusu’nun tek bir ‘jeopolitik/stratejik’ bölge olarak algılanmasıdır. Buradaki temel mantık, Çin’in Asya-Pasifik’teki güç algısını azaltarak yerine, Hindistan’ın gücünü ve ‘Raj’ geleneğinden gelen lider rolünü ön plana çıkarmaktır. “Hint-Pasifik” kavramsallaştırması; Hindistan’ın “Doğuya Bakış/Doğuya Hareket”, Çin’in “İnci Dizisi & Kuşak-Yol”, ABD’nin “Mihver/Yeniden Dengeleme” stratejilerinin çakışmasıdır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hint-Pasifik, Hindistan, Raj, ABD, Çin

Kaynakça

• ABE, Shinzo, “Confluence of the Two Seas”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MoFA of Japan), 2007, https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2018). AYOOB, Mohammed, India and Southeast Asia: Indian Perception and Policies, Routledge, London 1990. BOESCHE, Roger, The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra, Lexington Books, US 2002. BREWSTER, David, “Indian Strategic Thinking About the Indian Ocean: Striving Towards Strategic Leadership”, India Review, 14(2), 2015, s. 221-237, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14736489.2015.1030198. BREWSTER, David, “An Indian Ocean Dilemma: Sino-Indian Rivalry and China’s Strategic Vulnerability in the Indian Ocean”, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 11(1), 2015, s. 48-59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2014.994822. BRITISH, Raj, New World Encyclopeda, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/British_Raj, (Erişim Tarihi: 31.7.2018). CAMPBELL, Kurt M.-Ely Ratner, “Far Eastern Promises: Why Washington Should Focus on Asia”, Foreign Affairs, 93(3), 2014, s. 106-116. CHATURVEDY, Rajeev Ranjan, “South China Sea: India’s Maritime Gateway to the Pacific”, Strategic Analysis, 39(4), 2015, s. 360-377, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2015.1047218 CLINTON, Hillary, “America’s Engagement in the Asia-Pacific”, U.S. Department of State, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/ rm/ 2010/10/150141.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2018). CLINTON, Hillary, “America’s Pacific Century”, Foreign Policy, 2011, https://foreign policy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2018). Commonwealth of Australia, Defence White Paper 2013, Australian Government Department of Defence, Canberra 2013, http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/2013/docs/WP_2013_web.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2018). DİRLİK, Arif, “The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure”, Arif Dirlik, der., What Is in a Rim?: Critical Perspectives on the Pacific Region Idea, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, USA 1998, s. 15-36. GUPTA, Bhabani Sen, “The Indian Doctrine”, India Today, 31 Ağustos 1983. HAGERTY, Devin T., “India’s Regional Security Doctrine”, Asian Survey, 31(4), 1991, s. 351-363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307 /2645389. HAUSHOFER, Karl, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans, Kurt Vowinckel Verlag, Germany 1924. HAUSHOFER, Karl, An English Translation and Analysis of Major General Karl Ernst Haushofer’s Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean: Studies on the Relationships Between Geography and History, Lewis A. Tambs, der., çev., Ernst J. Brehm, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston 2002. JISI, Wang, “Marching Westwards: The Rebalancing of China’s Geostrategy”, International and Strategic Studies Report, Center for International and Strategic Studies (CISS), Peking University, China 2012, s. 1-11. JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Thinking about Strategic Culture”, International Security, 19(4), 1995, s. 32-64. KAPLAN, Robert D., “The South China Sea is the Future of Conflict”, Foreign Policy, 2011, https://foreignpolicy.com/ 2011/08/15/the-south-china-sea-is-the-future-of-conflict/, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2018). KAUTILYA, The Arthashastra, der.-çev. L. N. Rangarajan, Penguin Books, New Delhi, India 1992. KHURANA, Gurpreet S., “Security of Sea Lines: Prospects for India-Japan Cooperation”, Strategic Analysis, 31(1), 2007, s. 139-153, DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09700160701355485. KHURANA, Gurpreet S., “China’s ‘String of Pearls’ in the Indian Ocean and Its Security Implications”, Strategic Analysis, 32(1), 2008, s. 1-39, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801 886314. LEVERETT, Flynt-Wu Bingbing, “The New Silk Road and China’s Evolving Grand Strategy”, The China Journal, 77, 2016, s. 110-132, DOI: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/ pdfplus/10.1086/689684. MCDOUGALL, Derek, Asia-Pacific in World Politics, Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA 2016. MICHEL, David-Russell Sticklor, der., Indian Ocean Rising: Maritime and Security Policy Challenges, Stimson Centre, Washington DC 2012. MODI, Narendra, “Text of Prime Minister’s Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue”, Hindistan Başbakanı Narendra Modi’nin Shangri La Diyaloğu’ndaki Konuşması, 2018, Government of India Press Information Bureau (GoI-PIB), http://pb.nc.n/newste/PrntRelease.aspx?reld=179711, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2018). MOHAN, C. Raja, Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC 2012. MURTHY, Padmaja, “The Gujral Doctrine and Beyond,” Strategic Analysis, 23(4), 1999, s. 639-652, DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1080/09700169908455072. National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, Washington DC 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/ wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2018). NEHRU, Jawaharlal, Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2(3), Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, New Delhi, India 1985. PANIKKAR, K. M., India and the Indian Ocean: An Essay on the Influence of Sea Power on Indian History, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London 1951. PANT, Harsh V., “India in the Indian Ocean: Growing Mismatch between Ambitions and Capabilities”, Pacific Affairs, 82(2), 2009, s. 279-297, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5509/ 2009822279. Report to Congress on U.S.-India Security Cooperation, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington DC 2011, s. 2-9, http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/20111101_NDAA_Report_on_US_India_Security_Cooperation.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2018). SCOTT, David, “India’s Aspirations and Strategy for the Indian Ocean – Securing the Waves?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(4), 2013, s. 484-511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01402390.2012.728134. SCOTT, David, “India and Regional Integration”, David Scott, der., Handbook of India’s International Relations, Routledge, London 2011, s. 118-127. SINHA, Shri Yashwant, “Speech by External Affairs Minister Shri Yashwant Sinha at Harvard University”, 2003, Government of India Ministry of External Affairs, http://www.mea.gov.in/ Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/4744/ Stirring up the South China Sea (I), Crisis Group Asia Report, 223, Beijing/Brussels, 2012. SNYDER, Jack L., “The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations”, The Rand Corporation, 1977, s. 1-40. TAO, Xie, “Is This China’s Eurasian Century?”, The Diplomat, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/is-this-chinas-eurasian-century/, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2018). TAYLOR, Brendon, “The South China Sea is Not a Flashpoint”, The Washington Quarterly, 37(1), 2014, s. 99-111. TIEZZI, Shannon, “The Maritime Silk Road Vs. The String of Pearls”, The Diplomat, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/02 /the-maritime-silk-road-vs-the-string-of-pearls/, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2018). TYLER, Melissa Conley-Samantha SHEARMAN, “Australia Re-Discovering the Indo-Pacific”, Rajiv K. Bhatia ve Vijay Sakhuja, der., Indo-Pacific Region: Political and Strategic Prospects, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd ve Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), India 2014, s. 37-50. ZHAO, Minghao, “March Westwards and a New Look on China’s Grand Strategy”, Mediterranean Quarterly, 26(1), 2015, s. 97-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/10474552-2872999.