KARADAĞ’IN MALİ YERELLEŞME SÜRECİ

Öz

Karadağ, 2007 anayasasına göre cumhuriyetçi ve tek kademeli bir yerel yönetim yapısına sahip üniter bir devlettir. Tek yerel yönetim birimi belediyeler olup 25 belediyeden oluşmaktadır. Bölge ya da diğer ara yönetim düzeyleri bulunmamaktadır. Karadağ’daki yerel yönetim finans sistemleri sık sık köklü değişikliklere uğramıştır. Yönetimler arası mali ilişkilerle yerel yönetim finansmanı ve işlevlerine ilişkin yasal çerçeveler sık sık değiştirilerek öngörülemezliğe ve istikrarsızlığa yol açmıştır. Yasal çerçevedeki değişiklikler nihayetinde yerel yönetim bütçelerinin azalmasına ve hizmet, yatırım ve diğer belediye işlevlerini yerine getirme kabiliyetlerinin azalmasına yol açmıştır. Buna ek olarak, yerel yönetimler politika oluşturma ve yasama süreçlerini etkileyememiştir. Bunların tümü göz önüne alındığında Karadağ merkezi hükümetinin stratejik yönelimleri arasında mali yerelleşme ve istikrarlı yerel finans sistemlerinin fiilen yer almadığı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerel Yönetimler
• Mali Yerelleşme.
• Karadağ

MONTENEGRO’S FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS

Öz

According to the 2007 constitution, Montenegro is a unitary state with a republican and single-tiered local government structure. The only local government units are the municipalities, of which there are 25, and there are no regional or other subordinate levels of government. The local government finance system in Montenegro has undergone frequent and significant changes. The intergovernmental financial relations and the legal frameworks for local government finance and functions have been changed frequently, leading to unpredictability and instability. These changes have ultimately reduced local government budgets and weakened their ability to provide services, make investments, and carry out other municipal functions. Moreover, local governments have been unable to influence policy-making and legislative processes. All this shows that fiscal decentralization and stable local finance systems are not actually among the strategic orientations of the central government of Montenegro.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Montenegro
• Local Governments
• Fiscal Decentralization.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Mevzuat:
2. 27/2006, The Law on Local Communal Fees, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro”, https://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
3. 51/2008, The Law on Spatial Planning and Structure Development, “Official Gazette of Montenegrohttps://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
4. 74/2010, The Law on Local Government Finance, “Official Gazette of Montenegro,”, https://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
5. 42/03, 28/04, 75/05, 13/06 The Law on Local Self-Government, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro,”, https://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
6. 88/09, 3/10 “Official Gazette of Montenegro,”, https://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
7. 42/03, 44/03, The Law on Local Government Finance, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro”, https://montenegrotaxation.com/index.php/local-level-tax-forms/local-communal-fees, (13.02.2025).
8. 2. Kitaplar:

9. BARTLETT, Will ve ŠİŠEVİC, “Božidar, Regional Policy and Decentralization in Montenegro”, Decentralization and local development in South East Europe, (ed.) William Bartlett, Sanja Malekovic, Vassilis Monastiriotis, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2013, ss. 83-100.
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16. 3. Makaleler:
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19. 4. Yayınlanmış Raporlar:
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26. DZANKIU, Jelena, “Political Transformation Process In Montenegro”, Integration Perspectives and Synergic Effects of European Transformation in the Countries Targeted by EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policies Technical Report, Center for EU Enlargement Studies, June 2008, s. 15-35, https://cens-integrationperspectivesmontenegro.pdf, (29.03.2025).
27. DŽANKIU, Jelena, KALUŸEROVIU, Jadranka, VOJİNOVIU, Ivana, KRSMANOVIU, Ana, DAKOVIU, Milica, RADOJEVIU, Gordana, JOVETIU, Ivan, GOLUBOVIU, Vojin, MU LEŠKOVIU, Mirza ve MİRKOVIU, Milika,, “Integration Perspectives and Synergic Effects of European Transformation in the Countries Targeted by EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policies”, Technical Report, Central European University, Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognosis Bosiljka Vukoviü, June 2008, ss. 45-60, https://cens-integrationperspectivesmontenegro.pdf, (23.03.2025).
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31. Fiscal Decentralization Indicators for South-East Europe: 2006-2015 Report, NALAS, 2017, https://www.nalas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Fiscal-Decentralisation-Indicators-Report-for-South-East-Europe-2006-2015.pdf, (29.03.2025).
32. Fiscal Decentralization Indicators for South-East Europe Report, NALAS, February 2024, https://core.nalas-observatory.eu/files /publications/pdf/1716365628.pdf, (12.02.2025).
33. Karadağ Ülke Profili, T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı Uluslararası Anlaşmalar ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 2024, https://ticaret.gov.tr/data, (01.03.2025).
34. MAROVİĆ, Jovana, “Decentralisation, Power of Local Self-government and Multi-level Dynamics in Budva Municipality” (Institute Alternative, Podgorica), Assignment done under the CeSPI guidance, Second Report June 2011, ss. 109-120, https://www.cespi.it/sites/default/files/ /documenti/report-2-completo.pdf, (24.02.2025).
35. Montenegro Public Finance Synthesis Report, Restoring Sustainability and Strengthening Efficiency of Public Finance, May 2019, https://documents1.worldbank.org/ (01.03.2015).
36. Montenegro: Options to Restore Fiscal Sustainability and Improve Spending Efficiency at Subnational Level Report, World Bank Group, November 2015, https://documents1.worldbank.org/, (25.02.2025).
37. Montenegro Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment Public Financial Management Performance Report, Worldbank, July 2009, https://documents1.worldbank.org//curated/en/791681468053962177/pdf/696850ESW0P10100Report0FINAL0090709.pdf, (08.04.2025).
38. SIGMA Monitoring Reports Public administration in Montenegro-Assessment against the Principles of Public Administration-, OECD Public Governance Committee, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1787/9c2f22f8-en, (12.03.2025).
39. ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, Vera, “EU Regional Development Policy in the Accession Countries: Opportunistic Decentralization, Fiscal Risks, and the Premature Death of Multi-Level Governance”, EUI Working Paper, Max Weber Programme, August 2016, ss.1 -14, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/ /1814/41304/MWP_2016_08.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (02.02.2025).
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42. 5. İnternet Kaynakları:
43. ASSEMBLY OF EUROPEAN REGIONS, “Regionalisation in Montenegro: not Regions, but municipalities #RoR2017”,19 February 2018, https://aer.eu/regionalisation-montenegrono-regions-municipalitiesror2017/, (12.04.2025).
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48. OECD/UCLG WORLD OBSERVATORY ON SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE AND INVESTMENT, “Montenegro Country Profiles”, 2022, https://www.sng-wofi.org/country-profiles/montenegro.html, (07.04.2025).
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