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Uyku Kalitesi ile Yeme Bozuklukları Arasındaki İlişkide Sorunlu Telefon Kullanımı ve Dürtüselliğin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2022, , 351 - 361, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1019821

Öz

Amaç: Ergenlerde psikopatolojinin gelişimi ve seyri üzerinde hem uyku hem de yeme alışkanlıklarının katkısı vardır. Düşünmeden hareket etmek olarak tanımlanan dürtüsellik ile uyku kalitesi ve yeme bozuklukları (YB) arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalar vardır. Cep telefonu kullanımının hayatımızdaki önemi bilinen bir gerçektir. Ancak son yıllarda problemli cep telefonu kullanımına bağlı psikiyatrik bozukluklar da dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, uyku kalitesi ve YB arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık edebilecek iki faktör olarak dürtüsellik ve problemli cep telefonu kullanımı incelenmiştir.
Yöntem: Örneklem, yaşları 12 ile 18 arasında değişen 108 ergenden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar, uyku kalitelerini, dürtüsel davranışlarını, YB belirtilerini, şiddetini ve problemli cep telefonu kullanımını değerlendiren öz bildirim anketlerini tamamladılar.
Bulgular: Uyku bozukluğu olan ergenlerde tıkınırcasına yeme ve dürtüsellik anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti. Uyku bozukluğu olan ve olmayan ergenlerde problemli cep telefonu kullanımı skorları benzerdi. Problemli cep telefonu kullanımı, motor, plan yapmama ve toplam dürtüsellik puanları yeme problemi olan ve olmayan ergenlerde benzerdi. Doğrusal regresyon analizi, tıkınırcasına yemenin, uyku kalitesi ve dürtüsellik toplam puanları ile önemli ölçüde pozitif ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koydu.
Sonuç: Uyku bozukluğu ve dürtüsellik doğrudan tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu ile ilişkiliydi. Uyku bozukluğu, dürtüsellik yoluyla yalnızca tıkınırcasına yeme davranışına aracılık etti. Problemli cep telefonu kullanımı, uyku bozuklukları ve yeme bozuklukları arasında herhangi bir ilişkiye aracılık etmedi.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Volpe U, Tortorella A, Manchia M, Monteleone AM, Albert U, Monteleone P. Eating disorders: what age at onset? Psychiatry Research. 2016;238:225-7.
  • 2. Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep medicine. 2011;12(2):110-8.
  • 3. Carskadon MA. Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2011;58(3):637.
  • 4. McGlinchey EL. Chapter 19 - Sleep and Adolescents. In: Babson KA, Feldner MT, editors. Sleep and Affect. San Diego: Academic Press; 2015. p. 421-39.
  • 5. Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Larson NI, Eisenberg ME, Loth K. Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2011;111(7):1004-11.
  • 6. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Association Arlington, VA 2013.
  • 7. Bos SC, Soares MJ, Marques M, Maia B, Pereira AT, Nogueira V, et al. Disordered eating behaviors and sleep disturbances. Eating behaviors. 2013;14(2):192-8.
  • 8. Kim KR, Jung Y-C, Shin M-Y, Namkoong K, Kim J-K, Lee J-H. Sleep disturbance in women with eating disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Psychiatry Research. 2010;176(1):88-90.
  • 9. Della Marca G, Farina B, Mennuni G, Mazza S, Di Giannantonio M, Spadini V, et al. Microstructure of sleep in eating disorders: preliminary results. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2004;9(1):77-80.
  • 10. Brand S, Kirov R. Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions. International journal of general medicine. 2011;4:425.
  • 11. Bartlett D, Jackson ML. The bidirectional nature of sleep problems and psychopathology. Medicine Today. 2016;17(3):23-8. 12. Loredo JS, Weng J, Ramos AR, Sotres-Alvarez D, Simonelli G, Talavera GA, et al. Sleep patterns and obesity: Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos Sueño Ancillar study. Chest. 2019;156(2):348-56.
  • 13. Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addictive behaviors. 2014;39(9):1372-6.
  • 14. Lowe MR, Eldredge KL. The role of impulsiveness in normal and disordered eating. 1993.
  • 15. Favaro A, Zanetti T, Tenconi E, Degortes D, Ronzan A, Veronese A, et al. The relationship between temperament and impulsive behaviors in eating disordered subjects. Eating Disorders. 2004;13(1):61-70.
  • 16. Vandereycken W, Van Houdenhove V. Stealing behavior in eating disorders: characteristics and associated psychopathology. Comprehensive psychiatry. 1996;37(5):316-21.
  • 17. Holderness CC, Brooks‐Gunn J, Warren MP. Co‐morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994;16(1):1-34.
  • 18. Lacey JH. Self-damaging and addictive behaviour in bulimia nervosa: A catchment area study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;163(2):190-4.
  • 19. Lacey JH, Evans C. The impulsivist: A multi‐impulsive personality disorder. British Journal of Addiction. 1986;81(5):641-9.
  • 20. Fichter M, Quadflieg N, Rief W. Course of multi-impulsive bulimia. Psychological Medicine. 1994;24(3):591-604.
  • 21. Medeiros M, Carvalho LB, Silva TA, Prado LB, Prado GF. Sleep disorders are associated with impulsivity in school children aged 8 to 10 years. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2005;63:761-5.
  • 22. Randler C, Wolfgang L, Matt K, Demirhan E, Horzum MB, Beşoluk Ş. Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness–eveningness in German adolescents. Journal of behavioral addictions. 2016;5(3):465-73.
  • 23. Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob A. Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of youth and adolescence. 2015;44(2):405-18.
  • 24. Tao Z, Liu Y. Is there a relationship between Internet dependence and eating disorders? A comparison study of Internet dependents and non-Internet dependents. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2009;14(2-3):e77-e83.
  • 25. Akman T, Yavuzsen T, Sevgen Z, Ellidokuz H, Yilmaz AU. Evaluation of sleep disorders in cancer patients based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. European journal of cancer care. 2015;24(4):553-9.
  • 26. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R, Wilson GT. Eating disorders: A transdiagnostic protocol. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. 2008:578–614.
  • 27. Tekin C, GÜNEŞ G, Colak C. Adaptation of Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study [Cep Telefonu Problemli Kullanım (Pu) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması]. Medicine Science. 2014;3(3):1361-81.
  • 28. Tamam L, Güleç H, Karatas G. Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçegi Kisa Formu (BIS-11-KF) Türkçe Uyarlama Çalismasi/Short Form of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF) Turkish Adaptation Study. Noro-Psikyatri Arsivi. 2013;50(2):130.
  • 29. Hoyle RH, Isherwood JC. Reporting results from structural equation modeling analyses in Archives of Scientific Psychology. Archives of scientific psychology. 2013;1(1):14.
  • 30. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3. Baskı). New York, NY: Guilford. 2011.
  • 31. Fogelholm M, Kronholm E, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Partonen T, Partinen M, Härmä M. Sleep-related disturbances and physical inactivity are independently associated with obesity in adults. International journal of obesity. 2007;31(11):1713-21.
  • 32. Chaput J-P, Després J-P, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep. 2008;31(4):517-23.
  • 33. Wren A, Seal L, Cohen M, Brynes A, Frost G, Murphy K, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001;86(12):5992.
  • 34. Bulik CM, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. Medical morbidity in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003;34(S1):S39-S46.
  • 35. Ahima RS, Saper CB, Flier JS, Elmquist JK. Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2000;21(3):263-307.
  • 36. Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, JAUCH‐CHARA K, Born J, Schultes B. A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal‐weight healthy men. Journal of sleep research. 2008;17(3):331-4.
  • 37. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Cauter EV. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;141(11):846-50.
  • 38. Burt J, Dube L, Thibault L, Gruber R. Sleep and eating in childhood: a potential behavioral mechanism underlying the relationship between poor sleep and obesity. Sleep medicine. 2014;15(1):71-5.
  • 39. Shunk JA, Birch LL. Validity of dietary restraint among 5-to 9-year old girls. Appetite. 2004;42(3):241-7.
  • 40. Shunk JA, Birch LL. Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 are at risk for dietary restraint, disinhibited overeating, weight concerns, and greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(7):1120-6.
  • 41. Godart N, Radon L, Curt F, Duclos J, Perdereau F, Lang F, et al. Mood disorders in eating disorder patients: prevalence and chronology of ONSET. Journal of affective disorders. 2015;185:115-22.
  • 42. Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Allison KC, Spresser CD. Sleep and quality of life in eating disorders. Sleep and Quality of Life in Clinical Medicine: Springer; 2008. p. 281-9.
  • 43. Delvenne V, Kerkhofs M, Appelboom-Fondu J, Lucas F, Mendlewicz J. Sleep polygraphic variables in anorexia nervosa and depression: a comparative study in adolescents. Journal of affective disorders. 1992;25(3):167-72.
  • 44. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2013;29(4):913.
  • 45. Scott Griffiths SBM, Isabel Krug, and Siân A. McLean. The Contribution of Social Media to Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms, and Anabolic Steroid Use Among Sexual Minority Men. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2018;21(3):149-56.
  • 46. Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Krauss MJ, Costello SJ, Floyd GM, Wilfley DE, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Adolescents and young adults engaged with pro-eating disorder social media: eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology, health care utilization, treatment barriers, and opinions on harnessing technology for treatment. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2020;25(6):1681-92.

Mediating Role of Problematic Phone Use and Impulsivity in the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Eating Disorders

Yıl 2022, , 351 - 361, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1019821

Öz

Objective: Both sleeping and eating habits have a major influence on the development of psychopathology and its course in adolescents. Studies have examined the relationships between sleep quality, impulsivity that is defined as acting without thinking and eating disorders (ED). The importance of using mobile phones in our daily lives is a well-known fact. However, in recent years, psychiatric disorders related to problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) have also attracted attention. The present study examined impulsivity and PMPU as two factors that can mediate the relationship between ED and sleep quality.
Method: The sample comprised 108 adolescents aged between 12 to 18 years. They completed self-report questionnaires that assessed their impulsivity, sleep quality, symptoms and severity of ED, and PMPU.
Results: Binge-eating and impulsivity were significantly higher in adolescents with sleep disorders. The PMPU scores were similar in adolescents with and without sleep disorders. The PMPU scores, motor and non-planning scales of impulsivity, and total scores of impulsivity, were similar in both adolescents with and without eating problems. Linear regression analysis revealed that binge eating was significantly positively correlated with sleep quality and the total impulsivity scores.
Conclusion: Thus, sleep disturbance and impulsivity were associated with binge-eating disorder directly. Sleep disturbance mediated only binge-eating behavior through impulsivity. The PMPU did not mediate any association between sleep disturbances and eating disorders.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Volpe U, Tortorella A, Manchia M, Monteleone AM, Albert U, Monteleone P. Eating disorders: what age at onset? Psychiatry Research. 2016;238:225-7.
  • 2. Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep medicine. 2011;12(2):110-8.
  • 3. Carskadon MA. Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2011;58(3):637.
  • 4. McGlinchey EL. Chapter 19 - Sleep and Adolescents. In: Babson KA, Feldner MT, editors. Sleep and Affect. San Diego: Academic Press; 2015. p. 421-39.
  • 5. Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Larson NI, Eisenberg ME, Loth K. Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2011;111(7):1004-11.
  • 6. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Association Arlington, VA 2013.
  • 7. Bos SC, Soares MJ, Marques M, Maia B, Pereira AT, Nogueira V, et al. Disordered eating behaviors and sleep disturbances. Eating behaviors. 2013;14(2):192-8.
  • 8. Kim KR, Jung Y-C, Shin M-Y, Namkoong K, Kim J-K, Lee J-H. Sleep disturbance in women with eating disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Psychiatry Research. 2010;176(1):88-90.
  • 9. Della Marca G, Farina B, Mennuni G, Mazza S, Di Giannantonio M, Spadini V, et al. Microstructure of sleep in eating disorders: preliminary results. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2004;9(1):77-80.
  • 10. Brand S, Kirov R. Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions. International journal of general medicine. 2011;4:425.
  • 11. Bartlett D, Jackson ML. The bidirectional nature of sleep problems and psychopathology. Medicine Today. 2016;17(3):23-8. 12. Loredo JS, Weng J, Ramos AR, Sotres-Alvarez D, Simonelli G, Talavera GA, et al. Sleep patterns and obesity: Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos Sueño Ancillar study. Chest. 2019;156(2):348-56.
  • 13. Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addictive behaviors. 2014;39(9):1372-6.
  • 14. Lowe MR, Eldredge KL. The role of impulsiveness in normal and disordered eating. 1993.
  • 15. Favaro A, Zanetti T, Tenconi E, Degortes D, Ronzan A, Veronese A, et al. The relationship between temperament and impulsive behaviors in eating disordered subjects. Eating Disorders. 2004;13(1):61-70.
  • 16. Vandereycken W, Van Houdenhove V. Stealing behavior in eating disorders: characteristics and associated psychopathology. Comprehensive psychiatry. 1996;37(5):316-21.
  • 17. Holderness CC, Brooks‐Gunn J, Warren MP. Co‐morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994;16(1):1-34.
  • 18. Lacey JH. Self-damaging and addictive behaviour in bulimia nervosa: A catchment area study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;163(2):190-4.
  • 19. Lacey JH, Evans C. The impulsivist: A multi‐impulsive personality disorder. British Journal of Addiction. 1986;81(5):641-9.
  • 20. Fichter M, Quadflieg N, Rief W. Course of multi-impulsive bulimia. Psychological Medicine. 1994;24(3):591-604.
  • 21. Medeiros M, Carvalho LB, Silva TA, Prado LB, Prado GF. Sleep disorders are associated with impulsivity in school children aged 8 to 10 years. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2005;63:761-5.
  • 22. Randler C, Wolfgang L, Matt K, Demirhan E, Horzum MB, Beşoluk Ş. Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness–eveningness in German adolescents. Journal of behavioral addictions. 2016;5(3):465-73.
  • 23. Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob A. Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of youth and adolescence. 2015;44(2):405-18.
  • 24. Tao Z, Liu Y. Is there a relationship between Internet dependence and eating disorders? A comparison study of Internet dependents and non-Internet dependents. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2009;14(2-3):e77-e83.
  • 25. Akman T, Yavuzsen T, Sevgen Z, Ellidokuz H, Yilmaz AU. Evaluation of sleep disorders in cancer patients based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. European journal of cancer care. 2015;24(4):553-9.
  • 26. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R, Wilson GT. Eating disorders: A transdiagnostic protocol. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. 2008:578–614.
  • 27. Tekin C, GÜNEŞ G, Colak C. Adaptation of Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study [Cep Telefonu Problemli Kullanım (Pu) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması]. Medicine Science. 2014;3(3):1361-81.
  • 28. Tamam L, Güleç H, Karatas G. Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçegi Kisa Formu (BIS-11-KF) Türkçe Uyarlama Çalismasi/Short Form of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF) Turkish Adaptation Study. Noro-Psikyatri Arsivi. 2013;50(2):130.
  • 29. Hoyle RH, Isherwood JC. Reporting results from structural equation modeling analyses in Archives of Scientific Psychology. Archives of scientific psychology. 2013;1(1):14.
  • 30. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3. Baskı). New York, NY: Guilford. 2011.
  • 31. Fogelholm M, Kronholm E, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Partonen T, Partinen M, Härmä M. Sleep-related disturbances and physical inactivity are independently associated with obesity in adults. International journal of obesity. 2007;31(11):1713-21.
  • 32. Chaput J-P, Després J-P, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep. 2008;31(4):517-23.
  • 33. Wren A, Seal L, Cohen M, Brynes A, Frost G, Murphy K, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001;86(12):5992.
  • 34. Bulik CM, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. Medical morbidity in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003;34(S1):S39-S46.
  • 35. Ahima RS, Saper CB, Flier JS, Elmquist JK. Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2000;21(3):263-307.
  • 36. Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, JAUCH‐CHARA K, Born J, Schultes B. A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal‐weight healthy men. Journal of sleep research. 2008;17(3):331-4.
  • 37. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Cauter EV. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;141(11):846-50.
  • 38. Burt J, Dube L, Thibault L, Gruber R. Sleep and eating in childhood: a potential behavioral mechanism underlying the relationship between poor sleep and obesity. Sleep medicine. 2014;15(1):71-5.
  • 39. Shunk JA, Birch LL. Validity of dietary restraint among 5-to 9-year old girls. Appetite. 2004;42(3):241-7.
  • 40. Shunk JA, Birch LL. Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 are at risk for dietary restraint, disinhibited overeating, weight concerns, and greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(7):1120-6.
  • 41. Godart N, Radon L, Curt F, Duclos J, Perdereau F, Lang F, et al. Mood disorders in eating disorder patients: prevalence and chronology of ONSET. Journal of affective disorders. 2015;185:115-22.
  • 42. Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Allison KC, Spresser CD. Sleep and quality of life in eating disorders. Sleep and Quality of Life in Clinical Medicine: Springer; 2008. p. 281-9.
  • 43. Delvenne V, Kerkhofs M, Appelboom-Fondu J, Lucas F, Mendlewicz J. Sleep polygraphic variables in anorexia nervosa and depression: a comparative study in adolescents. Journal of affective disorders. 1992;25(3):167-72.
  • 44. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2013;29(4):913.
  • 45. Scott Griffiths SBM, Isabel Krug, and Siân A. McLean. The Contribution of Social Media to Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms, and Anabolic Steroid Use Among Sexual Minority Men. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2018;21(3):149-56.
  • 46. Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Krauss MJ, Costello SJ, Floyd GM, Wilfley DE, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Adolescents and young adults engaged with pro-eating disorder social media: eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology, health care utilization, treatment barriers, and opinions on harnessing technology for treatment. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2020;25(6):1681-92.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Ümmügülsüm Gündoğdu 0000-0001-6327-4808

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 14 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

AMA Gündoğdu Ü. Mediating Role of Problematic Phone Use and Impulsivity in the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Eating Disorders. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Eylül 2022;23(3):351-361. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1019821

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence