Egzersiz Bağımlılığı: Bir Güncelleme

Öz

Egzersiz fiziksel, zihinsel ve psikososyal sağlığın gelişiminde, psikopatolojik süreçlerin iyileşmesinde önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bağımlılık tekrarlanan örüntülerle bireylerin yaşam kalitesini bozan bir süreçtir. Egzersiz bağımlılığı kişisel, sosyal ve mesleki uyumunu bozacak düzeyde egzersiz alışkanlıkları üzerinde kontrolün kaybedilmesidir. Aşırı egzersizle birlikte ilgili belirtilerin de gözlenmesi beklenmektedir. Davranışsal olarak görülen bir bağımlılıktır. Egzersiz bağımlılığının açıklanmasına ve değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlamak için önerilen biyopsikososyal modeller vardır. Yapılan çalışmalarda farklılıklar görülmekle birlikte yaygınlığının % 3 düzeyinde olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Tanısal kriterlerin oluşturulması için yeterli düzeyde kanıt elde edilemediği değerlendirildiğinden, egzersiz bağımlılığı resmi sınıflandırma sistemlerinde psikolojik hastalık olarak henüz yer alamamıştır. Kanıtlara ulaşmak için Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Envanteri (EAI) ve Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21 (EDS-21) geliştirilmiştir. Kavramsallaştırma, araştırma yöntemi ve örneklem gibi çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı konuyla ilgili tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Egzersiz bağımlılığını daha iyi anlayabilmek için kişilik özellikleri ve muhtemel psikopatolojik özellikleri dikkate almak katkı sağlayabilir. Devam eden tartışmalarda açıklık getirilmeye ihtiyaç duyulan süreçler olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Egzersiz
• Bağımlılık Davranışı
• Kompulsif Egzersiz

Exercise Addiction: An Update

Öz

Exercise provides important contributions to the development of physical, mental and psychosocial health and the treatment of psychopathological processes. Addiction is process that disrupts the quality of life of individuals with repetitive patterns. Exercise addiction is the loss of control over exercise habits that will impair personal, social and professional adaptation. It is expected that related symptoms will be observed along with excessive exercise. It is behavioral addiction. There are biopsychosocial models proposed to contribute to the explanation and evaluation of exercise addiction. Although there are differences in the studies, its prevalence is accepted to be at the level of 3%. Exercise addiction has not been included as a psychological disorder in official classification systems until now, as there is insufficient evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and Exercise Addiction Scale-21 (EDS-21) were developed to reach the evidence. Discussions on the subject continue for various reasons such as conceptualization, research method and sampling. Considering personality traits and possible psychopathological features may contribute to a better understanding of exercise addiction. As the discussions continue, it has been evaluated that there are processes that need clarification

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Exercise
• Addictive Behavior
• Compulsive Exercise

Kaynakça

1. 1. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010; 36 (5):233-241. 2. Griffiths M. A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use 2005; 10 (4):191-197. 3. Marlatt GA, Baer JS, Donovan DM and Kivlahan DR. Addictive behaviors-etiology and treatment. Annu Rev Psychol 1988; 39: 223-252.
2. 4. Monok K, Berczik K, Urban R, et al. Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: A population wide study. Psychol Sport Exerc 2012; 13: 739-746.
3. 5. De Mello MT, Lemos A, Antunes HK, et al. Relationship between physical activity and depression and anxiety symptoms: a population study. J Affect Disord 2013; 149: 241-246.
4. 6. Moreira Antunes HK, Fogaça Leite GS, Sun Lee K, et al. Exercise deprivation increases negative mood in exercise-addicted subjects and modifies their biochemical markers. Physiol Behav 2016; 156: 182-190.
5. 7. Mikkelsena K, Stojanovskaa L, Polenakovicb M, et al. Exercise and mental health. Maturitas 2017; 106: 48-56.
6. 8. Bruno A, Quattrone D, Scimeca G, et al. Unravelling exercise addiction: the role of narcissism and self-esteem. J Addict 2014; 2-6.
7. 9. Malchow B, Reich-Erkelenz D, Oertel-Knochel O. The effects of physical exercise in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263(6): 451-467.
8. 10. Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, et al. Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav 2013; 37 (8) 1622-1644.

9. 11. Szabo A, Griffiths M, De La Vega MR et al. Methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. Yale J Biol Med 2015; 88(3): 303-308.
10. 12. Egorov AY, Szabo A. The exercise paradox: An interactional model for a clearer conceptualization of exercise addiction. J Behav Addict 2013; 2(4): 199-208.
11. 13. Weinstein A, Maayan G, Weinstein Y. A study on the relationship between compulsive exercise, depression and anxiety. J Behav Addict 2015; 4 (4):315-318.
12. 14. Blaydon MJ, Lindner KJ, Kerr JH. Metamotivational characteristics of eating disordered and exercise dependent triathletes: An application of reversal theory. Psychol Sport Exerc 2002; 3(3): 223-236.
13. 15. Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J, Ro O, Rosenvinge JH, Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. Physical activity and exercise dependence during inpatient treatment of longstanding eating disorders: An exploratory study of excessive and non-excessive exercisers. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43(3): 266-273.
14. 16. Villella C, Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, et al. Behavioural addictions in adolescents and young adults: Results from a prevalence study. J Gambl Stud 2011; 27 (2): 203-214.
15. 17. Griffiths M. Behavioural addiction: an issue for everybody? Employee Counselling Today 1996; 8 (3): 19-25.
16. 18. Leeman RF, Potenza MN. A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. Can J Psychiatry 2013; 58(5): 260-273.
17. 19. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Association 2013.
18. 20. Linnet J. Neurobiological underpinnings of reward anticipation and outcome evaluation in gambling disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8: 100.
19. 21. Mayolas-Pı C, Sımon-Grımal J, Peñarrubıa-Lozano C, et al. Exercise addiction risk and health in male and female amateur endurance cyclists. J Behav Addict 2017; 6(1): 74-83.
20. 22. Sussman S, Lisha N, Griffiths MD. Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Eval Health Prof 2011; 34(1): 3-56.
21. 23. Szabo A. The impact of exercise deprivation on well-being of habitual exercisers. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995; 27(3): 68-75.
22. 24. Macfarlane L, Owens G, Cruz BP. Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study. J Behav Addict 2016; 5(3):474-484.
23. 25. Lejoyeux M, Avril M, Richoux C, et al. Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral addictions among clients of a Parisian fitness room. Compr Psychiatry 2008; 49: 353-358.
24. 26. Hausenblas AH, Downs SD. How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychol Health 2002; 17 (4): 387-404.
25. 27. Lichtenstein MB, Jensen TT. Exercise addiction in CrossFit: Prevalence and psychometric properties of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Addict Behav Rep 2016; 3: 33-37.
26. 28. Griffiths MD, Szabo A, Terry A. The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 30.
27. 29. Terry A, Szabo A, Griffiths M. The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addict Res Theory 2004; 12(5): 489-499.
28. 30. Lichtenstein MB, Emborgb B, Hemmingsenc SH, Hansend NB. Is exercise addiction in fitness centres a socially accepted behaviour? Addict Behav Rep 2017; 6: 102-105.
29. 31. Wojtyna E, Król T, Hyla M. Two faces of exercise addiction - self-esteem, narcissism and sport addiction in women. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63 (1): 295-296.
30. 32. De La Vega R, Parastatıdou IS, Barquin RR, Szabo A. Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: the moderating role of passion. J Behav Addict 2016; 5(2): 325-331.
31. 33. Murray AL, McKenzie K, Newman E, Brown E. Exercise identity as a risk factor for exercise dependence. Br J Health Psychol 2013; 18(2):369-382.
32. 34. Lichtenstein MB, Christiansen E, Elklit A, et al. Exercise addiction: A study eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:410-416.
33. 35. Kun B, Urbán R, Szabo A, et al. Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between psychological distress, symptoms of exercise addiction and eating disorders: A large-scale survey among fitness center users. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol 2021; doi.org/10.1037/spy0000274
34. 36. Chamberlain S, Grant J. Is problematic exercise really problematic? A dimensional approach. CNS Spectrums 2020; 25(1): 64-70.
35. 37. Granziol U, Zorzi A, Cardaioli F, et al. Exercise addiction in athletes: Comparing two assessment instruments and willingness to stop exercise after medical advice. Psychol Assess 2021; 33(4): 326-337.
36. 38. Aidman EV, Woollard S. The influence of self-reported exercise addiction on acute emotional and physiological responses to brief exercise deprivation. Psychol Sport Exerc 2003; 4: 225-236.
37. 39. Szaboa A, Griffithsc MD, Hoglida RA, Demetrovicsa Z. Drug, nicotine, and alcohol use among exercisers: Does substance addiction co-occur with exercise addiction? Addict Behav Rep 2018; 7: 26-31.
38. 40. Leeman RF, Potenza MN. Similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219(2): 469-490.
39. 41. Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Endocannabinoid and mood responses to exercise in adults with varying activity levels. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med 2017; 1, 2(21):138-145.
40. 42. Salamone JD, Correa M, Mingote SM, Weber SM. Beyond the reward hypothesis: alternative functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5: 34-41.
41. 43. Parsons LH, Hurd YL. Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16(10): 579-594.
42. 44. Andreassen CS, Billieux J, Griffiths, MD, et al. The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychol Addict Behav 2016; 30 (2): 252-262.
43. 45. Grant JE, Lust K and Chamberlaın SR. Problematic smartphone use associated with greater alcohol consumption, mental health issues, poorer academic performance, and impulsivity. J Behav Addict 2019; 8 (2): 335-342.
44. 46. Dempsey AE, O'Brien KD, Tiamiyu MF, Elhai JD. Fear of missing out (FOMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic facebook use. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9, Article Number 100150.
45. 47. Hussain Z, Wegmann E, Yangi H and Montag C. Social networks use disorder and associations with depression and anxiety symptoms: A systematic review of recent research in China. Front Psychol 2020; 11(211).
46. 48. Malaeb D, Salameh P, Barbar S, et al. Problematic social media use and mental health (depression, anxiety and insomnia) among Lebanese Adults: Any mediating effect of stress? Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 57 (2): 539-549.
47. 49. Zsido AN, Arato N, Lang A, et al. The connection and background mechanisms of social fears and problematic social networking site use: A structural equation modeling analysis. Psychiatry Research 2020; 292:113323.
48. 50. Brailovskaia J, Schillack H, Margraf J. Tell me why are you using social media (SM)! relationship between reasons for use of SM, SM flow, daily stress, depression, anxiety, and addictive SM use - An exploratory investigation of young adults in Germany. Comput Human Behav 2020; 113, Article Number: 106511.
49. 51. Verseillie E, Laconi S, Chabrol H. Pathological traits associated to Facebook and Twitter among French users. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17 (7): Article Number 2242.
50. 52. Wong HY, Mo HY, Potenza MN, et al. Relationships between severity of internet gaming disorder, severity of problematic social media use, sleep quality and psychological distress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(6): Article Number 1879.
51. 53. Reichenberg LW, Seligman Linda. Selecting Effective Treatments: A Comprehensive, Systematic Guide To Treating Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016; 447-448.