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Substance Use in Children and Adolescents and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Yıl 2023, , 93 - 103, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1071269

Öz

Alcohol and substance use is one of the important public health and safety problems that threaten society. Our country has a high young population, children and adolescents constitute an important part of the society and adolescents are in the most important risk group in terms of Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders (AMD). New varieties are added to the substances used) over the years and this poses a risk for substance use, especially at an early age. However, many risk factors and protective factors for substance use change over time. In terms of public safety and public health, especially in the case of control and/or use of these illegal substances, substance tests for diagnosis-monitoring are of great importance as concrete data, as well as serious evidence. A fair and healthy service will be provided to our children by carrying out the medical, social or legal procedures for the determination of the substances used with a holistic and systematic approach. In this review, a general profile of the substance use problem in children and adolescents in our country and in the world is presented, the risk of substance use and protective factors, the fight against substance use in children and adolescents, forensic toxicological analysis and biological materials are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar Dilbaz N, Enez Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Kovan O, Başabak AZ, Mordağ O, et al. Madde Kullanım Riski ve Madde Bağımlılığından Korunma [Internet]. Ankara: T.C Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Aile Eğitimi Programı; 2013. 8 p. Available from: www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr
  • WHO Regional Office For Europe. Promoting The Health Of Young People In Custody. 2003.
  • Sussman S, Skara S, Ames SL. Substance abuse among adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(12–13):1802–28.
  • Wu P, Hoven CW, Liu X, Cohen P, Fuller CJ, Shaffer D. Substance Use, Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children and Adolescents. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav [Internet]. 2004 Dec;34(4):408–20. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3086736/?report=abstract
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide-Introduction [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide/introduction
  • Commission Established to Investigate Drug Addiction and Smuggling Problems and Identify Precautions to Be Taken. Turkish Parliamentary Research Commission Report. Ankara; 2008.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents Acknowledgments. A research-based guide for parents, educators and community leaders. Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 2003.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments [Internet]. Lisbon; 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2019
  • Merikangas KR, McClair VL. Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Hum Genet [Internet]. 2012 Jun;131(6):779–89. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22543841/
  • Johnston LD, O’malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the Future National Results on Drug Use: 1975-2019. 2019 Overview. Key Findings of Adolescent Drug Use [Internet]. Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 2020. Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future
  • Kračmarová L, Klusonová H, Petrelli F, Grappasonni I. Tobacco, alcohol and illegal substances: experiences and attitudes among Italian university students. Rev da Assoc Médica Bras (English Ed. 2011 Sep 1;57(5):513–8.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795; 2013.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2016 [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/wdr2016/
  • European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Turkey Country Drug Report 2019 [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/country-drug-reports/2019/turkey_en
  • Doksat NG, Demirci Çiftci A, Zahmacioğlu O, Tekden M, Özbek F, Günay G, et al. Türkiye’de bir bağımlılık merkezinde tedavi görmekte olan çocuk ve ergenlerde madde ve alkol kullanımındaki eğilim ve cinsiyet farklılıkları: 2011 ile 2014 yıllarının karşılaştırılması. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2016;17(4):325–31.
  • Evren C, Ogel K, Demirci AC, Evren B, Yavuz BG, Bozkurt M. Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(3):201–10.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2011 ESPAD report Substance use among students in 36 European countries [Internet]. 2012 . Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/927/TD3012613ENC_399947.PDF
  • Yurtseven A, Turan C, Yuncu Z, Akgur A, Ulas Saz E. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse Substance use frequency and related characteristics among adolescents presenting to an emergency department in Turkey. 2019 ; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wesa20
  • 1Jackson C, Geddes R, Haw S, Frank J. Interventions to prevent substance use and risky sexual behaviour in young people: A systematic review. Addiction [Internet]. 2012 Apr;107(4):733–47. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22151546/
  • Diclemente CC. Bağımlılık ve Değişim: Bağımlılık Nasıl Gelişir ve Bağımlı İnsan Nasıl İyileşir? [Internet]. 1st ed. Çev. Muzaffer ŞAHİN, editor. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları; 2016. 6–17 p. Available from: https://www.amazon.com.tr/Bağımlılık-Değişim-Gelişir-Bağımlı-İyileşir/dp/6053205524
  • Moss HB, Ge S, Trager E, Saavedra M, Yau M, Ijeaku I, et al. Risk for Substance Use Disorders in young adulthood: Associations with developmental experiences of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Jul 1;100. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32345436/
  • Do HN, Mai HT, Nguyen LH, Tran TT, Nguyen HQT, Nguyen AT, et al. Perception toward substance use and misuse among young people in Vietnam. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019 May 1;100:444–50.
  • Cleveland MJ, Feinberg ME, Bontempo DE, Greenberg MT. The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Substance Use Across Adolescence. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2008 Aug;43(2):157–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639789/
  • Keller TE, Blakeslee JE, Lemon SC, Courtney ME. Subpopulations of older foster youths with differential risk of diagnosis for alcohol abuse or dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs [Internet]. 2010;71(6):819–30. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC2965480/?report=abstract
  • Bobakova D, Geckova AM, Klein D, Reijneveld SA, Van Dijk JP. Protective factors of substance use in youth subcultures. Addict Behav [Internet]. 2012 Sep;37(9):1063–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22608673/
  • Bishop AS, Fleming CM, Nurius PS. Substance use profiles among gang-involved youth: Social ecology implications for service approaches. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020 Dec 1;119:105600.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018-Drugs and Age. 2018.
  • Schmid B, Hohm E, Blomeyer D, Zimmermann US, Schmidt MH, Esser G, et al. Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterizes a group at risk. Alcohol Alcohol [Internet]. 2007 May;42(3):219–25. Available from:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17526631/
  • Ruiz-Olivares R, Lucena V, Raya AF, Herruzo J. Personality profiles and how they relate to drug consumption among young people in Spain. Pers Individ Dif. 2019 Oct 15;149:291–5.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Preface-Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. 2020.
  • Ünlü A, Evcin U. Evaluation of Prevalence of Substance Use, Risk and Protective Factors between 2008 and 2010 in Bağcılar, Istanbul. Anadolu Univ J Soc Sci. 2014 Sep 1;14(3):127–140.
  • Pumariega AJ, Burakgazi H, Unlu A, Prajapati P, Dalkilic A. Substance Abuse: Risk Factors for Turkish Youth. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol [Internet]. 2014;24(1):5–14. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbcp21
  • Tamar Gürol D. Ergenlik ve Madde Kullanımı. In: Evren C, Ögel K, Uluğ B, editors. Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılığı Tanı ve Tedavi El kitabı. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları; 2012. p. 223.
  • Mawson E, Best D, Lubman DI. Associations between social identity diversity, compatibility, and recovery capital amongst young people in substance use treatment. Addict Behav Reports. 2016 Dec 1;4:70–7.
  • Dir AL, Clifton RL, Magee LA, Johnson-Kwochka A V., Wiehe SE, Aalsma MC. Patterns of drug screen results and court-ordered substance use treatment referrals and completion among justice-involved youth. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020 Nov 1;118:108095.
  • Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Zimmerman A, Schauben JL. 2015 annual report of the American association of poison control centers’ national poison data system (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol [Internet]. 2016 Nov 25;54(10):924–1109. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28004588/
  • Bostancı Demirci H, Acar S, Akgür SA. Kannabis Yasal, Ya Sonra…. Bull Leg Med [Internet]. 2020 Apr 30 ;25(1):51–8. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-0379
  • Aldemir E, Döǧer R, Aydoǧdu M, Akyel B, Atlam DH, Akgür SA, et al. Kannabis, tıbbi kullanımı ve ilişkili politikaların topluma yansımaları. Klin Psikiyatr Derg. 2020;23(2):204–13.
  • National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521379
  • Saito K, Saito R, Kikuchi Y, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens. J Heal Sci [Internet]. 2011 ;57(6):472–87. Available from: http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jhs/57.472?from=CrossRef
  • Levy S, Siqueira LM, Ammerman SD, Gonzalez PK, Ryan SA, Smith VC, et al. Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2014 Jun 1;133(6):e1798–807. Available from: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2014-0865
  • Hadland SE, Levy S. Objective Testing: Urine and Other Drug Tests. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am [Internet]. 2016 Jul 1;25(3):549–65. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4920965/?report=abstract
  • Ertaş H, Döğer R, Aydoğdu M, Ertaş FN. Doğrulama Aşamasında Kullanılan Kromatografik Yöntemler. In: Akgür SA, Dağlıoğlu N, editors. Temel Adli Toksikoloji. Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2018. p. 235–61.
  • Döğer R, Yayayürük AE, Koç PÜ, Aydemir N, Akgür SA. False positivity for marijuana in immunoassay analysis due to Efavirenz use. A case report. Rom J Leg Med. 2016;24(2):135–6.
  • Aydoğdu M, Akgür SA. Urine drug-testing tampering approaches: Turkish probationers. Med Sci Law [Internet]. 2020 Sep 13;002580242095645. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0025802420956453
  • Aslan R, Akgür SA. Madde Testlerinde “Doğru” Bilinen “Yanlış” Pozitif Sonuçlar:Amfetaminlere Özgü Bir Olgu. In: Olgularla Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler. 2021. p. 329–33.
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  • Pichini S, García-Algar O, Alvarez AT, Mercadal M, Mortali C, Gottardi M, et al. Pediatric exposure to drugs of abuse by hair testing: Monitoring 15 years of evolution in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Aug 14;11(8):8267–75.
  • Garcia-Algar Ó, Cuadrado González A, Falcon M. Toxicology screening in paediatrics. An Pediatría (English Ed [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;85(3):160.e1-160.e4. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-toxicology-screening-in-paediatrics-articulo-S2341287916000168
  • Wexelblatt SL, Ward LP, Torok K, Tisdale E, Meinzen-Derr JK, Greenberg JM. Universal maternal drug testing in a high-prevalence region of prescription opiate abuse. J Pediatr. 2015 Mar 1;166(3):582–6.
  • Berthet A, De Cesare M, Favrat B, Sporkert F, Augsburger M, Thomas A, et al. A systematic review of passive exposure to cannabis. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1;269:97–112. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27883985/
  • Villain M, Cirimele V, Kintz P. Hair analysis in toxicology. Clin Chem Lab Med [Internet]. 2004;42(11):1265–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15576289/
  • Falcon M, Pichini S, Joya J, Pujadas M, Sanchez A, Vall O, et al. Maternal hair testing for the assessment of fetal exposure to drug of abuse during early pregnancy: Comparison with testing in placental and fetal remains. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2012 May 10;218(1–3):92–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22036306/
  • Huestis MA, Choo RE. Drug abuse’s smallest victims: In utero drug exposure. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2002 Aug 14;128(1–2):20–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12208017/

Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Madde Kullanımı ve Adli Toksikolojik Analizler

Yıl 2023, , 93 - 103, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1071269

Öz

Alkol ve madde kullanımı toplumu tehdit eden önemli halk sağlığı ve toplum güvenliği sorunlarından biridir. Yüksek bir genç nüfusa sahip olan ülkemizde çocuklar ve ergenler toplumun önemli bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır ve Alkol ve Madde Kullanım Bozuklukları (AMKB) açısından ergenler üzerinde durulması gereken önemli risk gruplarındandır. Yıllar geçtikçe kullanılan maddelere yeni çeşitler eklenmekte ve bu durum özellikle erken yaşlarda madde kullanımını daha cazip hale getirmekte ve genellikle riskli madde kullanım alışkanlıklarına neden olabilmektedir. Bununla beraber madde kullanımı ile ilgili pek çok risk faktörü ve koruyucu faktörler zamanla birlikte değişmektedir. Toplum güvenliği ve halk sağlığı açısından özellikle yasadışı olan bu maddelerin kontrolü ve/veya kullanımı durumunda tanı-izlem amacıyla yapılan madde testleri somut bir veri olarak büyük önem arz etmesinin yanında adli bir delildir. Kullanılan maddelerin saptanmasına yönelik yapılan tıbbi, sosyal veya hukuki işlemlerin bütüncül ve sistematik bir yaklaşımla yapılmasıyla, çocuklarımıza ve gençlerimize adaletli ve sağlıklı bir hizmet sağlanabilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, çocuk ve ergenlerdeki madde kullanım probleminin ülkemizdeki ve dünyadaki durumu hakkında genel bir profil sunularak, madde kullanım riski ve koruyucu faktörler, çocuk ve ergenlerde madde kullanımı ile mücadele, adli toksikolojik analizler ve bu analizlerde kullanılan biyolojik materyaller ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar Dilbaz N, Enez Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Kovan O, Başabak AZ, Mordağ O, et al. Madde Kullanım Riski ve Madde Bağımlılığından Korunma [Internet]. Ankara: T.C Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Aile Eğitimi Programı; 2013. 8 p. Available from: www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr
  • WHO Regional Office For Europe. Promoting The Health Of Young People In Custody. 2003.
  • Sussman S, Skara S, Ames SL. Substance abuse among adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(12–13):1802–28.
  • Wu P, Hoven CW, Liu X, Cohen P, Fuller CJ, Shaffer D. Substance Use, Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children and Adolescents. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav [Internet]. 2004 Dec;34(4):408–20. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3086736/?report=abstract
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide-Introduction [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide/introduction
  • Commission Established to Investigate Drug Addiction and Smuggling Problems and Identify Precautions to Be Taken. Turkish Parliamentary Research Commission Report. Ankara; 2008.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents Acknowledgments. A research-based guide for parents, educators and community leaders. Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 2003.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments [Internet]. Lisbon; 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2019
  • Merikangas KR, McClair VL. Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Hum Genet [Internet]. 2012 Jun;131(6):779–89. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22543841/
  • Johnston LD, O’malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the Future National Results on Drug Use: 1975-2019. 2019 Overview. Key Findings of Adolescent Drug Use [Internet]. Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 2020. Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future
  • Kračmarová L, Klusonová H, Petrelli F, Grappasonni I. Tobacco, alcohol and illegal substances: experiences and attitudes among Italian university students. Rev da Assoc Médica Bras (English Ed. 2011 Sep 1;57(5):513–8.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795; 2013.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2016 [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/wdr2016/
  • European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Turkey Country Drug Report 2019 [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/country-drug-reports/2019/turkey_en
  • Doksat NG, Demirci Çiftci A, Zahmacioğlu O, Tekden M, Özbek F, Günay G, et al. Türkiye’de bir bağımlılık merkezinde tedavi görmekte olan çocuk ve ergenlerde madde ve alkol kullanımındaki eğilim ve cinsiyet farklılıkları: 2011 ile 2014 yıllarının karşılaştırılması. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2016;17(4):325–31.
  • Evren C, Ogel K, Demirci AC, Evren B, Yavuz BG, Bozkurt M. Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(3):201–10.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2011 ESPAD report Substance use among students in 36 European countries [Internet]. 2012 . Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/927/TD3012613ENC_399947.PDF
  • Yurtseven A, Turan C, Yuncu Z, Akgur A, Ulas Saz E. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse Substance use frequency and related characteristics among adolescents presenting to an emergency department in Turkey. 2019 ; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wesa20
  • 1Jackson C, Geddes R, Haw S, Frank J. Interventions to prevent substance use and risky sexual behaviour in young people: A systematic review. Addiction [Internet]. 2012 Apr;107(4):733–47. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22151546/
  • Diclemente CC. Bağımlılık ve Değişim: Bağımlılık Nasıl Gelişir ve Bağımlı İnsan Nasıl İyileşir? [Internet]. 1st ed. Çev. Muzaffer ŞAHİN, editor. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları; 2016. 6–17 p. Available from: https://www.amazon.com.tr/Bağımlılık-Değişim-Gelişir-Bağımlı-İyileşir/dp/6053205524
  • Moss HB, Ge S, Trager E, Saavedra M, Yau M, Ijeaku I, et al. Risk for Substance Use Disorders in young adulthood: Associations with developmental experiences of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Jul 1;100. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32345436/
  • Do HN, Mai HT, Nguyen LH, Tran TT, Nguyen HQT, Nguyen AT, et al. Perception toward substance use and misuse among young people in Vietnam. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019 May 1;100:444–50.
  • Cleveland MJ, Feinberg ME, Bontempo DE, Greenberg MT. The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Substance Use Across Adolescence. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2008 Aug;43(2):157–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639789/
  • Keller TE, Blakeslee JE, Lemon SC, Courtney ME. Subpopulations of older foster youths with differential risk of diagnosis for alcohol abuse or dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs [Internet]. 2010;71(6):819–30. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC2965480/?report=abstract
  • Bobakova D, Geckova AM, Klein D, Reijneveld SA, Van Dijk JP. Protective factors of substance use in youth subcultures. Addict Behav [Internet]. 2012 Sep;37(9):1063–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22608673/
  • Bishop AS, Fleming CM, Nurius PS. Substance use profiles among gang-involved youth: Social ecology implications for service approaches. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020 Dec 1;119:105600.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018-Drugs and Age. 2018.
  • Schmid B, Hohm E, Blomeyer D, Zimmermann US, Schmidt MH, Esser G, et al. Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterizes a group at risk. Alcohol Alcohol [Internet]. 2007 May;42(3):219–25. Available from:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17526631/
  • Ruiz-Olivares R, Lucena V, Raya AF, Herruzo J. Personality profiles and how they relate to drug consumption among young people in Spain. Pers Individ Dif. 2019 Oct 15;149:291–5.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Preface-Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. 2020.
  • Ünlü A, Evcin U. Evaluation of Prevalence of Substance Use, Risk and Protective Factors between 2008 and 2010 in Bağcılar, Istanbul. Anadolu Univ J Soc Sci. 2014 Sep 1;14(3):127–140.
  • Pumariega AJ, Burakgazi H, Unlu A, Prajapati P, Dalkilic A. Substance Abuse: Risk Factors for Turkish Youth. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol [Internet]. 2014;24(1):5–14. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbcp21
  • Tamar Gürol D. Ergenlik ve Madde Kullanımı. In: Evren C, Ögel K, Uluğ B, editors. Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılığı Tanı ve Tedavi El kitabı. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları; 2012. p. 223.
  • Mawson E, Best D, Lubman DI. Associations between social identity diversity, compatibility, and recovery capital amongst young people in substance use treatment. Addict Behav Reports. 2016 Dec 1;4:70–7.
  • Dir AL, Clifton RL, Magee LA, Johnson-Kwochka A V., Wiehe SE, Aalsma MC. Patterns of drug screen results and court-ordered substance use treatment referrals and completion among justice-involved youth. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020 Nov 1;118:108095.
  • Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Zimmerman A, Schauben JL. 2015 annual report of the American association of poison control centers’ national poison data system (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol [Internet]. 2016 Nov 25;54(10):924–1109. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28004588/
  • Bostancı Demirci H, Acar S, Akgür SA. Kannabis Yasal, Ya Sonra…. Bull Leg Med [Internet]. 2020 Apr 30 ;25(1):51–8. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-0379
  • Aldemir E, Döǧer R, Aydoǧdu M, Akyel B, Atlam DH, Akgür SA, et al. Kannabis, tıbbi kullanımı ve ilişkili politikaların topluma yansımaları. Klin Psikiyatr Derg. 2020;23(2):204–13.
  • National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521379
  • Saito K, Saito R, Kikuchi Y, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens. J Heal Sci [Internet]. 2011 ;57(6):472–87. Available from: http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jhs/57.472?from=CrossRef
  • Levy S, Siqueira LM, Ammerman SD, Gonzalez PK, Ryan SA, Smith VC, et al. Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2014 Jun 1;133(6):e1798–807. Available from: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2014-0865
  • Hadland SE, Levy S. Objective Testing: Urine and Other Drug Tests. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am [Internet]. 2016 Jul 1;25(3):549–65. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4920965/?report=abstract
  • Ertaş H, Döğer R, Aydoğdu M, Ertaş FN. Doğrulama Aşamasında Kullanılan Kromatografik Yöntemler. In: Akgür SA, Dağlıoğlu N, editors. Temel Adli Toksikoloji. Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2018. p. 235–61.
  • Döğer R, Yayayürük AE, Koç PÜ, Aydemir N, Akgür SA. False positivity for marijuana in immunoassay analysis due to Efavirenz use. A case report. Rom J Leg Med. 2016;24(2):135–6.
  • Aydoğdu M, Akgür SA. Urine drug-testing tampering approaches: Turkish probationers. Med Sci Law [Internet]. 2020 Sep 13;002580242095645. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0025802420956453
  • Aslan R, Akgür SA. Madde Testlerinde “Doğru” Bilinen “Yanlış” Pozitif Sonuçlar:Amfetaminlere Özgü Bir Olgu. In: Olgularla Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler. 2021. p. 329–33.
  • Manzano C, Torres F, Roman L, Hernández M, Villalbi A, Civit E. Unsuspected Exposure to Drugs of Abuse in Children. Emerg Med Open Access [Internet]. 2014;4(5):1–5. Available from: https://www.longdom.org/abstract/unsuspected-exposure-to-drugs-of-abuse-in-children-43221.html
  • Pichini S, García-Algar O, Alvarez AT, Mercadal M, Mortali C, Gottardi M, et al. Pediatric exposure to drugs of abuse by hair testing: Monitoring 15 years of evolution in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Aug 14;11(8):8267–75.
  • Garcia-Algar Ó, Cuadrado González A, Falcon M. Toxicology screening in paediatrics. An Pediatría (English Ed [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;85(3):160.e1-160.e4. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-toxicology-screening-in-paediatrics-articulo-S2341287916000168
  • Wexelblatt SL, Ward LP, Torok K, Tisdale E, Meinzen-Derr JK, Greenberg JM. Universal maternal drug testing in a high-prevalence region of prescription opiate abuse. J Pediatr. 2015 Mar 1;166(3):582–6.
  • Berthet A, De Cesare M, Favrat B, Sporkert F, Augsburger M, Thomas A, et al. A systematic review of passive exposure to cannabis. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1;269:97–112. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27883985/
  • Villain M, Cirimele V, Kintz P. Hair analysis in toxicology. Clin Chem Lab Med [Internet]. 2004;42(11):1265–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15576289/
  • Falcon M, Pichini S, Joya J, Pujadas M, Sanchez A, Vall O, et al. Maternal hair testing for the assessment of fetal exposure to drug of abuse during early pregnancy: Comparison with testing in placental and fetal remains. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2012 May 10;218(1–3):92–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22036306/
  • Huestis MA, Choo RE. Drug abuse’s smallest victims: In utero drug exposure. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2002 Aug 14;128(1–2):20–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12208017/
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri, Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Rukiye Aslan 0000-0002-4012-3684

Alev Aktaş 0000-0003-0746-0889

Serap Akgur 0000-0001-9638-2311

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

AMA Aslan R, Aktaş A, Akgur S. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Madde Kullanımı ve Adli Toksikolojik Analizler. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Mart 2023;24(1):93-103. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1071269

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence