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Alkol Kullanım Bozukluğunda Biyobelirteçler

Yıl 2024, , 478 - 490, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1421221

Öz

Son yıllarda, ağır alkol kullanımının biyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesinde önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Bu ilerlemeler, yeni laboratuvar testlerinin geliştirilmesini, sonuçları birden fazla ölçüm üzerinde birleştirmek için algoritmaların formüle edilmesini ve alkol kullanım bozukluğu tedavisi ve araştırmasında biyobelirteçlerin daha kapsamlı uygulamalarını içermektedir. Alkol alımı, muhtemelen dünya çapındaki en eski sosyal alışkanlıktır, birçok kültürde oldukça yaygındır ve sağlık ve sosyal sorunların küresel yüküne önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunur. Alkol kullanım bozukluğu tespitine yönelik biyobelirteçler hakkında yayınlanan çok sayıda çalışmalar bilimsel platformlarda yer almasına rağmen, halen birkaç temel soru devam etmektedir. Herşeyden önce, doz-yanıt ilişkilerinin belirtilmesi gerekir. Alkol sorunlarının taranmasında, belirli bir biyobelirteç kullanılmadan önce belirli bir “şüphe sorgulaması” olabilir. Bu şüphe sorgulaması, kişinin yetersiz bir öz bildirimi veya klinik muayenede belirsiz bulgular içerir. Biyobelirteçler, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlikle ilgili olağan psikometrik konuların çoğuna tabi olsa da, değerlendirmeleriyle ilgili hususlar farklıdır. Bunun yerine, biyobelirteçlerin değerlendirilmesindeki başlıca kriterler; ölçüt geçerliliği, kararlılık, test-tekrar tutarlılığı ve klinik yorumlamada güvenilirlik ile ilgilidir. Bu performans bilgileri, özellikle tam otomatik test prosedürlerinin geliştirildiği CDT (Carbonhydrate Deficient Transferrin) gibi yeni belirteçler için de geçerli durumdadır. Biyobelirteçlerin kullanımı ile klinik karar vermedeki çözümsel yaklaşım daha netlik kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle biyobelirteçlerin artan bilgi değerini ölçmek ve beraberinde etkili algoritmaların araştırılması kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu makalemiz özellikle tanısal-tarama testi olarak kullanılan biyobelirteçlerle ilgili genel konuları ele almaktadır.

Etik Beyan

derleme

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

.

Teşekkür

yok

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Parry CD, Patra J, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases epidemiology and policy implications. Addiction 2011; 106(10): 1718–1724.
  • Allen JP, Sillanaukee P, Strid N, et al. Biomarkers of Heavy Drinking. Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers 37-53.
  • Peterson K. Biomarkers for alcohol use and abuse – a summary. Alcohol Res Health 2004; 28(1): 30–37.
  • Waszkiewicz N, Konarzewska B, Waszkiewicz M. Biomarkers of alcohol abuse. Part I. Traditional biomarkers and their interpretation. Psychiatr Pol 2010; 44(1): 127–136.
  • Spiegel DR, Dhadwal N, Gill F. ”I'm sober, Doctor, really”:best biomarkers for underreported alcohol use. Curr Psychiatry 2008; 7(9): 15–27.
  • SAMSHA. The role of biomarkers in the treatment of alcohol use disorders, 2012 Revision. SAMHSA Advisory 2012; 11(2): 1-8.
  • Waszkiewicz N, Szajda SD, Kępka A, et al. Glycoconjugates in the detection of alcohol abuse. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39(1): 365–369.
  • Jastrzębska,I, Zwolak A, Szczyrek M, et al. Biomarkers of alcohol misuse:recent advances and future prospects. Prz Gastroenterol 2016; 11(2): 78–89.
  • Sillanaukee P. Laboratory markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol1996; 31(6): 613–616.
  • Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V, et al. Distribution, determinants, and prognostic value of γ–glutamyltransferase for all–cause mortality in a cohort of construction workers from southern Germany. Prev Med 1997; 26(3): 305–310.
  • Nalpas B, Vassault A, Poupon RE, et al. An overview of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAST) activity as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1991; 1: 455–457.
  • Skude G, Wadstein J. Amylase, hepatic enzymes and bilirubin in serum of chronic alcoholics. Acta Med Scand 1977; 201(1-2): 53–58.
  • Coodley EL. Enzyme diagnosis in hepatic disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1971; 56(5): 413–419.
  • Reichling JJ, Kaplan MM. Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33(12): 1601–1614.
  • Mundle G. Munkes J, Ackermann K, et al. Sex differences of carbohydrate–deficient transferrin, γ–glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in alcohol–dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(9): 1400–1405.
  • Martensson O, Härlin A, Brandt R, et al. Transferrin isoform distribution: gender and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21(9): 1710–1715.
  • Jeppsson J, Arndt T, Schellenberg F, et al. Toward standardization of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements:I. Analyte definition and proposal of a candidate reference method. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45(4): 558-562.
  • Lesch OM, Walter H, Antal J, et al. Carbohydrate–deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake:A study with healthy subjects. Alcohol Alcohol 1996; 31(3): 265–271.
  • Delanghe JR, Helander A, Wielders JP, et al. Development and multicenter evaluation of the N latex CDT direct immunonephelometric assay for serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Clin Chem 2007; 53(6): 1115–1121.
  • Sillanaukee P, Strid N, Allen JP, Litten RZ. Possible reasons why heavy drinking increases carbohydrate–deficient transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 5(1): 34–40.
  • Liang S, He Y, Huang ZG, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in chronic alcoholism Results from Southwest China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100(4): e24467.
  • Javors MA, Johnson BA. Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum beta-hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption. Addiction 2003; 98(Suppl 2): 45–50.
  • Dance N, Price RG, Robinson D, et al. β–galactosidase, β–glucosidase, and N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in human kidney. Clin Chim Acta 1969; 24(2): 189–197.
  • Kunin CM, Chesney RW, Craig WA, et al. Enzymuria as a marker of renal injury and disease:Studies of N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in the general population and in patients with renal disease. Pediatrics 1978; 62(5): 751–760.
  • Kärkkäinen P, Poikolainen K, Salaspuro M. Serum β–hexosaminidase as a marker of heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14(2): 187–190.
  • Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45(8): 953–961.
  • Pönniö M, Alho H, Heinälä, P, et al. Serum and saliva levels of sialic acid are elevated in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23(6): 1060–1064.
  • Sillanaukee P, Pönniö M, Jääskeläinen IP. Occurrence of sialic acids in healthy humans and different disorders. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29(5): 413–425.
  • Sillanaukee P, Pönniö M, Seppä K. Sialic acid: new potential marker of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23(6): 1039–1043.
  • Goldberg DM, Kapur BM. Enzymes and circulating proteins as markers of alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 226(2): 191–209.
  • Niemelä O. Aldehyde–protein adducts in the liver as a result of ethanol–induced oxidative stress. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D506–D513.
  • Homaidan FR, Kricka LJ, Clark PM, et al. Acetaldehyde–hemoglobin adducts:An unreliable marker of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 1984; 30(3): 480–482.
  • Worrall S, De–Jersey J, Shanley BC, et al. Alcohol abusers exhibit a higher IgA response to acetaldehyde–modified proteins. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1999; 1: 261–264.
  • Lin RC, Shahidin S, Kelly TJ, et al. Measurement of hemoglobin–acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17(3): 669–674.
  • Niemelä O, Halmesmaki E, Ylikorkala O. Hemoglobin–acetaldehyde adducts are elevated in women carrying alcohol–damaged fetuses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15(6): 1007–1010.
  • Beck O, Helander A. 5-hydroxytryptophol as a marker for recent alcohol intake. Addiction 2003; 98(Suppl 2): 63-72.
  • Voltaire A, Beck O, Borg, S. Urinary 5–hydroxytryptophol: A possible marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(2): 281–285.
  • Bendtsen P, Jones AW, Helander A. Urinary excretion of methanol and 5–hydroxy–tryptophol as biochemical markers of recent drinking in the hangover state. Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33(5): 431–438.
  • Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Stephanson N, et al. Comparison between the urinary alcohol markers EtG, EtS, and GTOL/5-HIAA in a controlled drinking experiment. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43(2): 187–191.
  • Borg S, Beck O, Helander A, et al. Carbohydrate–deficient transferrin and 5–hydroxytryptophol:Two new markers of high alcohol consumption. In:Litten, R.A., and Allen, J.P., eds. Measuring Alcohol Consumption. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press 1992: 149–159.
  • Tu G, Kapur B, Israel Y. Characteristics of a new urine, serum, and saliva alcohol reagent strip. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(2): 222–227.
  • Olsen H, Sakshaug J, Duckert F, et al. Ethanol elimination–rates determined by breath analysis as a marker of recent excessive ethanol consumption. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989; 49(4): 359–365.
  • Phillips EL, Little RE, Hillman RS, et al. A field test of the sweat patch. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1984; 8(3): 233–237.
  • Parmentier AH, Liepman MR, Nirenberg T. Reasons for failure of the alcohol sweat patch. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 376.
  • Swift RM, Martin CS, Swette L, et al. Studies on wearable, electronic, transdermal alcohol sensor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(4): 721–725.
  • Alt A, Wurst FM, Seidl S. Bestimmung von ethylglucuronid in urinproben mit dem internen standard d5–ethylglucuronid. Blutalkohol 1997; 34(5): 360–365.
  • Schmitt G, Droenner P, Skopp G, et al. Ethyl glucuronide concentration in serum of human volunteers, teetotalers, and suspected drinking drivers. J Forensic Sci 1997; 42(6): 1099–1102.
  • Morini L, Politi L, Zucchella A, et al. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate determination in serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 376(1-2): 213–219.
  • Morini L, Colucci M, Ruberto MG, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in nails by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a potential new biomarker for chronic alcohol abuse and binge drinking behavior. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402(5): 1865–1870.
  • Høiseth G, Morini L, Polettini A, et al. Ethyl glucuronide in hair compared with traditional alcohol biomarkers – a pilot study of heavy drinkers referred to an alcohol detoxification unit. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33(5): 812–816.
  • Kharbouche H, Faouzi M, Sanchez N, et al. Diagnostic performance of ethyl glucuronide in hair for the investigation of alcohol drinking behavior:a comparison with traditional biomarkers. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126(2): 243–250.
  • Irwin M, Baird S, Smith TL, et al. Use of laboratory tests to monitor heavy drinking by alcoholic men discharged from a treatment program. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145(5): 595–599.
  • Litten RZ, Allen JP, Fertig JB. γ–glutamyltranspeptidase and carbohydrate deficient transferrin:Alternative measures of excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19(6): 1541–1546.
  • Allen JP, Litten RZ. The role of laboratory tests in alcoholism treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 20(1): 81–85.
  • Sillanaukee P, Masson N, Jousilahti P, et al. Enhanced clinical utility of γ–CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(8): 1202–1206.
  • Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, et al. Comparison of the combined marker GGT-CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41(5): 528–533.
  • Harasymiw JW, Bean P. Identification of heavy drinkers by using the early detection of alcohol consumption score. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25(2): 228–235.
  • Reynaud M, Hourcade F, Planche F, et al. Usefulness of carbohydrate–deficient transferrin in alcoholic patients with normal γ–glutamyltranspeptidase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22(3): 615–618.
  • Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47(5): 552–557.
  • Tsanaclis L, Davies M, Bevan S. Testing venous carbohydrate-deficient transferrin or capillary phosphatidylethanol with concurrent ethyl glucuronide and ethyl palmitate hair tests to assess historical and recent alcohol use. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13(1): 203-207.
  • Mundle G, Ackermann K, Gunthner A, et al. Treatment outcome in alcoholism—a comparison of self–report and the biological markers carbohydrate–deficient transferrin and γ–glutamyltransferase. Eur Addict Res 1999; 5(2): 91–96.
  • Miller WR, Zweben A, DiClemente CC, et al. Motivational Enhancement Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. NIAAA Project MATCH Monograph Series, Vol. 2. NIH Pub. No. 94–3723. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1994.
  • Allen JP, Litten RZ, Strid N, et al. The role of biomarkers in alcoholism medication trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25(8): 1119–1125.

Biomarkers in Alcohol Use Disorder

Yıl 2024, , 478 - 490, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1421221

Öz

In recent years, significant advances have been made in the biological assessment of heavy alcohol use. These advances include the development of new laboratory tests, the formulation of algorithms to combine results across multiple measures, and broader applications of biomarkers in alcohol use disorder treatment and research. Alcohol drinking is arguably the oldest social habit worldwide, is highly prevalent in many cultures, and contributes significantly to the global burden of health and social problems. Although many studies have been published on scientific platforms about biomarkers for the detection of alcohol use disorder, a few basic questions remain. First of all, dose-response relationships need to be specified. In screening for alcohol problems, there may be some “questioning of suspicion” before a particular biomarker is used. This questioning of suspicion involves an inadequate self-report or equivocal findings on clinical examination. Findings: While biomarkers are subject to many of the usual psychometric issues regarding validity and reliability, the considerations for their evaluation are different. Instead, the main criteria for evaluating biomarkers are; Criterion validity is concerned with stability, test-retest consistency, and reliability in clinical interpretation. This performance information is also valid for new reagents such as CDT (Carbonhydrate Deficient Transferrin), especially for which fully automated testing procedures have been developed. With the use of biomarkers, the analytical approach in clinical decision-making becomes clearer. Therefore, it is critical to measure the increasing information value of biomarkers and to search for effective algorithms. This article specifically addresses general issues regarding biomarkers used as diagnostic-screening tests.

Proje Numarası

.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Parry CD, Patra J, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases epidemiology and policy implications. Addiction 2011; 106(10): 1718–1724.
  • Allen JP, Sillanaukee P, Strid N, et al. Biomarkers of Heavy Drinking. Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers 37-53.
  • Peterson K. Biomarkers for alcohol use and abuse – a summary. Alcohol Res Health 2004; 28(1): 30–37.
  • Waszkiewicz N, Konarzewska B, Waszkiewicz M. Biomarkers of alcohol abuse. Part I. Traditional biomarkers and their interpretation. Psychiatr Pol 2010; 44(1): 127–136.
  • Spiegel DR, Dhadwal N, Gill F. ”I'm sober, Doctor, really”:best biomarkers for underreported alcohol use. Curr Psychiatry 2008; 7(9): 15–27.
  • SAMSHA. The role of biomarkers in the treatment of alcohol use disorders, 2012 Revision. SAMHSA Advisory 2012; 11(2): 1-8.
  • Waszkiewicz N, Szajda SD, Kępka A, et al. Glycoconjugates in the detection of alcohol abuse. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39(1): 365–369.
  • Jastrzębska,I, Zwolak A, Szczyrek M, et al. Biomarkers of alcohol misuse:recent advances and future prospects. Prz Gastroenterol 2016; 11(2): 78–89.
  • Sillanaukee P. Laboratory markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol1996; 31(6): 613–616.
  • Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V, et al. Distribution, determinants, and prognostic value of γ–glutamyltransferase for all–cause mortality in a cohort of construction workers from southern Germany. Prev Med 1997; 26(3): 305–310.
  • Nalpas B, Vassault A, Poupon RE, et al. An overview of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAST) activity as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1991; 1: 455–457.
  • Skude G, Wadstein J. Amylase, hepatic enzymes and bilirubin in serum of chronic alcoholics. Acta Med Scand 1977; 201(1-2): 53–58.
  • Coodley EL. Enzyme diagnosis in hepatic disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1971; 56(5): 413–419.
  • Reichling JJ, Kaplan MM. Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33(12): 1601–1614.
  • Mundle G. Munkes J, Ackermann K, et al. Sex differences of carbohydrate–deficient transferrin, γ–glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in alcohol–dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(9): 1400–1405.
  • Martensson O, Härlin A, Brandt R, et al. Transferrin isoform distribution: gender and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21(9): 1710–1715.
  • Jeppsson J, Arndt T, Schellenberg F, et al. Toward standardization of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements:I. Analyte definition and proposal of a candidate reference method. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45(4): 558-562.
  • Lesch OM, Walter H, Antal J, et al. Carbohydrate–deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake:A study with healthy subjects. Alcohol Alcohol 1996; 31(3): 265–271.
  • Delanghe JR, Helander A, Wielders JP, et al. Development and multicenter evaluation of the N latex CDT direct immunonephelometric assay for serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Clin Chem 2007; 53(6): 1115–1121.
  • Sillanaukee P, Strid N, Allen JP, Litten RZ. Possible reasons why heavy drinking increases carbohydrate–deficient transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 5(1): 34–40.
  • Liang S, He Y, Huang ZG, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in chronic alcoholism Results from Southwest China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100(4): e24467.
  • Javors MA, Johnson BA. Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum beta-hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption. Addiction 2003; 98(Suppl 2): 45–50.
  • Dance N, Price RG, Robinson D, et al. β–galactosidase, β–glucosidase, and N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in human kidney. Clin Chim Acta 1969; 24(2): 189–197.
  • Kunin CM, Chesney RW, Craig WA, et al. Enzymuria as a marker of renal injury and disease:Studies of N–acetyl–β–glucosaminidase in the general population and in patients with renal disease. Pediatrics 1978; 62(5): 751–760.
  • Kärkkäinen P, Poikolainen K, Salaspuro M. Serum β–hexosaminidase as a marker of heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14(2): 187–190.
  • Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45(8): 953–961.
  • Pönniö M, Alho H, Heinälä, P, et al. Serum and saliva levels of sialic acid are elevated in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23(6): 1060–1064.
  • Sillanaukee P, Pönniö M, Jääskeläinen IP. Occurrence of sialic acids in healthy humans and different disorders. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29(5): 413–425.
  • Sillanaukee P, Pönniö M, Seppä K. Sialic acid: new potential marker of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23(6): 1039–1043.
  • Goldberg DM, Kapur BM. Enzymes and circulating proteins as markers of alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 226(2): 191–209.
  • Niemelä O. Aldehyde–protein adducts in the liver as a result of ethanol–induced oxidative stress. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D506–D513.
  • Homaidan FR, Kricka LJ, Clark PM, et al. Acetaldehyde–hemoglobin adducts:An unreliable marker of alcohol abuse. Clin Chem 1984; 30(3): 480–482.
  • Worrall S, De–Jersey J, Shanley BC, et al. Alcohol abusers exhibit a higher IgA response to acetaldehyde–modified proteins. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1999; 1: 261–264.
  • Lin RC, Shahidin S, Kelly TJ, et al. Measurement of hemoglobin–acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17(3): 669–674.
  • Niemelä O, Halmesmaki E, Ylikorkala O. Hemoglobin–acetaldehyde adducts are elevated in women carrying alcohol–damaged fetuses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15(6): 1007–1010.
  • Beck O, Helander A. 5-hydroxytryptophol as a marker for recent alcohol intake. Addiction 2003; 98(Suppl 2): 63-72.
  • Voltaire A, Beck O, Borg, S. Urinary 5–hydroxytryptophol: A possible marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(2): 281–285.
  • Bendtsen P, Jones AW, Helander A. Urinary excretion of methanol and 5–hydroxy–tryptophol as biochemical markers of recent drinking in the hangover state. Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33(5): 431–438.
  • Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Stephanson N, et al. Comparison between the urinary alcohol markers EtG, EtS, and GTOL/5-HIAA in a controlled drinking experiment. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43(2): 187–191.
  • Borg S, Beck O, Helander A, et al. Carbohydrate–deficient transferrin and 5–hydroxytryptophol:Two new markers of high alcohol consumption. In:Litten, R.A., and Allen, J.P., eds. Measuring Alcohol Consumption. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press 1992: 149–159.
  • Tu G, Kapur B, Israel Y. Characteristics of a new urine, serum, and saliva alcohol reagent strip. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(2): 222–227.
  • Olsen H, Sakshaug J, Duckert F, et al. Ethanol elimination–rates determined by breath analysis as a marker of recent excessive ethanol consumption. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989; 49(4): 359–365.
  • Phillips EL, Little RE, Hillman RS, et al. A field test of the sweat patch. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1984; 8(3): 233–237.
  • Parmentier AH, Liepman MR, Nirenberg T. Reasons for failure of the alcohol sweat patch. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 376.
  • Swift RM, Martin CS, Swette L, et al. Studies on wearable, electronic, transdermal alcohol sensor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16(4): 721–725.
  • Alt A, Wurst FM, Seidl S. Bestimmung von ethylglucuronid in urinproben mit dem internen standard d5–ethylglucuronid. Blutalkohol 1997; 34(5): 360–365.
  • Schmitt G, Droenner P, Skopp G, et al. Ethyl glucuronide concentration in serum of human volunteers, teetotalers, and suspected drinking drivers. J Forensic Sci 1997; 42(6): 1099–1102.
  • Morini L, Politi L, Zucchella A, et al. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate determination in serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 376(1-2): 213–219.
  • Morini L, Colucci M, Ruberto MG, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in nails by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a potential new biomarker for chronic alcohol abuse and binge drinking behavior. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402(5): 1865–1870.
  • Høiseth G, Morini L, Polettini A, et al. Ethyl glucuronide in hair compared with traditional alcohol biomarkers – a pilot study of heavy drinkers referred to an alcohol detoxification unit. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33(5): 812–816.
  • Kharbouche H, Faouzi M, Sanchez N, et al. Diagnostic performance of ethyl glucuronide in hair for the investigation of alcohol drinking behavior:a comparison with traditional biomarkers. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126(2): 243–250.
  • Irwin M, Baird S, Smith TL, et al. Use of laboratory tests to monitor heavy drinking by alcoholic men discharged from a treatment program. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145(5): 595–599.
  • Litten RZ, Allen JP, Fertig JB. γ–glutamyltranspeptidase and carbohydrate deficient transferrin:Alternative measures of excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19(6): 1541–1546.
  • Allen JP, Litten RZ. The role of laboratory tests in alcoholism treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 20(1): 81–85.
  • Sillanaukee P, Masson N, Jousilahti P, et al. Enhanced clinical utility of γ–CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(8): 1202–1206.
  • Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, et al. Comparison of the combined marker GGT-CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41(5): 528–533.
  • Harasymiw JW, Bean P. Identification of heavy drinkers by using the early detection of alcohol consumption score. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25(2): 228–235.
  • Reynaud M, Hourcade F, Planche F, et al. Usefulness of carbohydrate–deficient transferrin in alcoholic patients with normal γ–glutamyltranspeptidase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22(3): 615–618.
  • Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47(5): 552–557.
  • Tsanaclis L, Davies M, Bevan S. Testing venous carbohydrate-deficient transferrin or capillary phosphatidylethanol with concurrent ethyl glucuronide and ethyl palmitate hair tests to assess historical and recent alcohol use. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13(1): 203-207.
  • Mundle G, Ackermann K, Gunthner A, et al. Treatment outcome in alcoholism—a comparison of self–report and the biological markers carbohydrate–deficient transferrin and γ–glutamyltransferase. Eur Addict Res 1999; 5(2): 91–96.
  • Miller WR, Zweben A, DiClemente CC, et al. Motivational Enhancement Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. NIAAA Project MATCH Monograph Series, Vol. 2. NIH Pub. No. 94–3723. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1994.
  • Allen JP, Litten RZ, Strid N, et al. The role of biomarkers in alcoholism medication trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25(8): 1119–1125.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nilgün Tekkeşin 0000-0001-8115-9643

Proje Numarası .
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

AMA Tekkeşin N. Alkol Kullanım Bozukluğunda Biyobelirteçler. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Aralık 2024;25(4):478-490. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1421221

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence