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Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Adsız Alkolikler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 187 - 207, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.841576

Öz

Kendine destek grupları alkol bağımlılığı tedavisinde farklı boyutlar içinde önemli bir yere sahiptirler. Bunlardan en bilineni Adsız Alkolikler (AA) grubudur. Bu çalışmada AA’nın tarihsel gelişimi, felsefesi, önemli kavramları ve psikiyatriyle ilişkisi değerlendirilecek ve Türkiye’deki gelişiminden de kısaca bahsedilecektir. Ancak AA grubunun tarihsel süreçteki yeri ve öneminin belirlenmesi açısından Alkol ve Alkol Bağımlılığı tarihine ilişkin kısa bir girişin yapılmasının da önemli olduğu düşünülmüştür. Alkol, alkol bağımlılığı ve AA’ya ilişkin olarak tıp tarihi perspektifinden literatür taranmıştır. Alkol bağımlılığına ilişkin tarihsel bulguların geçmişi antik çağa dayanır. Modern alkol bağımlılığı kavramı ile tıbbın ilişkisi modern psikiyatrinin gelişimi ile paraleldir. XX. yüzyılın başlarında alkol bağımlılığı konusunda dini grupların etkin olduğu görülmektedir. AA bu süreçte farklı bir yaklaşım sergilerken ayrıcalıklı bir yer edinmiştir. XX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren de modern tıp ve psikiyatri ile etkileşim içinde olmuş ve bağımlılığa ilişkin önemli katkılar sunmuştur. AA Türkiye’deki gelişimi görece yenidir ve başka grupların kurulmasını teşvik etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, AA grubunun alkol bağımlılığı tedavisinin gelişim sürecinde tarihsel düzeyde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Grubun felsefi yönelimi ve bağımlılık psikiyatrisi ile ilişkileri bu bağlamda önemli olmuştur.

Teşekkür

Çalışma aşamasındaki destekleri için Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi emekli öğretim üyesi Prof. Dr. N. Yasemin Yalım’a ve Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi öğretim üyesi Prof. Dr. Zehra Arıkan’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

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Alcoholic Anonymous in the World and in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 187 - 207, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.841576

Öz

Self-support groups have an important role in different dimensions in the treatment of alcohol dependence. The best known of these groups is the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). In this study, the historical development, philosophy and important concepts of anonymous alcoholics are explained and their relationship with psychiatry is mentioned. However, it is thought that it is important to make a short introduction to the history of Alcohol and Alcohol Addiction in terms of determining the place and importance of the AA group in the historical process. The literature on alcohol, alcohol addiction and AA has been reviewed from a medical history perspective. Historical findings on alcohol addiction date back to antiquity. The relationship between the modern concept of alcohol addiction and medicine is parallel with the development of modern psychiatry. At the beginning of the 20th century, it is seen that religious groups are active in alcohol addiction. While AA took a different approach in this process, it gained a privileged place. Since the middle of the 20th century, it has been in interaction with modern medicine and psychiatry and has made important contributions to addiction. The development of AA in Turkey is relatively new and has encouraged the establishment of other groups. In conclusion, AA has a historically important place in the development of alcohol addiction treatment. The group's philosophical orientation and its relationships with addiction psychiatry have been important in this context.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lukas SE. Alcohol. Carson-Dewitt R (editor). Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior Volume 1. 2. Baskı, New York: Macmillan Reference, 2001: 70-74. 2. Öztürk MO, Uluşahin NA. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları. 14. Baskı, Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2016: 511-544.
  • 3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5. Baskı. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013: 490-497.
  • 4. Jaffe JH, Anthony JC. Madde Kullanımına Bağlı Bozukluklar: Giriş ve Genel Bakış, Aydın H, Bozkurt A (Çevirenler). Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (editors). Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Cilt 2. 8. Baskı, Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2007: 1137-1168.
  • 5. Gateley I. Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. 1. Baskı, New York: Goatham Books, 2008.
  • 6. AAALAC. Alcohol as a disinfectant. https://www.aaalac.org/pub/?id=10D85285-0BC6-F7F1-FC83-B9444659A4E6. (23 Kasım 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı). 7. Hanson DJ. Historical evolution of alcohol consumption in society. Boyle P, Boffetta P, Lowenfels AB, Burns H, Brawley O, Zatonski W, Rehm J (editors). Alcohol: Science, Policy, and Public Health. 1. Baskı. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013: 56-80.
  • 8. Braidwood RJ, Sauer JD, Helbaek H, et al. Symposium: did man once live by beer alone? Am Anthropol 1953; 55: 515-526.
  • 9. Phillips R. Alcohol A History. 1. Baskı, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014: 8-24.
  • 10. Million M. Wine: A Global History. 1. Baskı, London: Reaktion Books, 2013: 12, 115.
  • 11. Lutz HF. Viticulture and Brewing in The Ancient Orient. 1. Baskı. New York: Leipzig J C Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1922: 25.
  • 12. Johns CHW. Babylonian Law – The Code of Hammurabi. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp (21 Kasım 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 13. Hames G. Alcohol in World History. 2. Baskı. New York: Routledge, 2014: 50-52.
  • 14. Plato. Book II, Pangle TL (Çeviren). The Laws of Plato. 3. Baskı. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988: 56-57.
  • 15. Jellinek EM. Drinkers and alcoholics in ancient Rome. J Stud Alcohol 1976; 37: 1718-1741.
  • 16. Majeed A. How Islam changed medicine Arab physicians and scholars laid the basis for medical practice in Europe. BMJ 2005; 331: 1486-1487.
  • 17. Martin AL. Alcohol, Sex, and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. 1. Baskı, New York: Palgrave, 2001: 4, 42.
  • 18. Gold MS, Adamec C. Introduction: a history of alcohol abuse and dependence. The Encyclopedia of Alcoholosm and Alcohol Abuse. 1. Baskı, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010: xiii–xliii.
  • 19. Knap VJ. Alcohol, industrilization and high-energy foods. Bull NY Acad Med 1988: 64: 430-434.
  • 20. Blocker JS, Fahey DM, Tyrrell IR. Preface. Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History An International Encyclopedia. 1. Baskı, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003: xxiii–xxiv.
  • 21. Lesch O-M, Walter H, Wetschka C, et al. Alcohol and Tobacco: Medical and Sociological Aspects of Use, Abuse and Addiction. 1. Baskı, Mörlenbach: SpringerWienNewYork, 2011: 5-14.
  • 22. Comer J. Distilled beverages. Kiple KF, Orneals KC (editors). The Cambridge World History of Food. 1. Baskı, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; 653-663.
  • 23. Bhugra D, Winston M. Alcohol and alcohol-related problems in Caraka Samhita. Hist Psychiatry 1994; 5: 347-360.
  • 24. Filed RC. Cruciferous and green leafy vegetables. Kiple KF, Orneals KC (editors). The Cambridge World History of Food. 1. Baskı, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; 290.
  • 25. Smith I. The birth of addiction. Hist Psychiatry 2010; 21: 351-355.
  • 26. Tracy SW. Alcoholism in America From Reconstruction to Prohibition. 1. Baskı, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005: 1-24.
  • 27. Glaser FB. Alcoholism: origin of the term. Carson-Dewitt R (editor). Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior Volume 1. 2. Baskı, New York: Macmillan Reference, 2001: 101-104.
  • 28. Skog O-J. The long waves of alcohol consumption: a social network perspective on cultural change. Soc Networks 1986; 8:1-32.
  • 29. Ateşçi FÇ, Kuloğlu M, Tezcan E, Yıldız M. İntihar girişimi olan bireylerde birinci ve ikinci eksen tanıları. Klin Psikiyatr 2002; 5: 22-27.
  • 30. Ünal S, Özcan E. Depresyonda hazırlayıcı, ortaya çıkarıcı ve koruyucu etkenler. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg 2000; 1: 41-47.
  • 31. Moussas G, Papadopoulou A. Substance abuse and cancer. Psychiatriki 2017; 28: 234-241.
  • 32. Bertelli AAE. Wine, research and cardiovascular disease: instructions for use. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195: 242-247.
  • 33. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014. Geneva: WHO, 2014.
  • 34. Nutt DJ, Nestor LJ. Addiction. 1. Baskı. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013: 19-29.
  • 35. Baler RD, Volkow ND. Drug addiction: the neurobiology of disrupted self-control. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12: 559-566.
  • 36. Helzer JE. Klinik Geçerliği Olan Boyutlar DSM-5’e Katma Önerisi, Alpagut Ş, Yüksel G, Azizoğlu F (Çevirenler), Şar V (Çeviri Ed.). Regier DA, Narrow WA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ (editors). DSM-5’in Kavramsal Gelişimi. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: 121 Medikal Yayıncılık, 2011: 83-84.
  • 37. World Health Organization (WHO). Turkey. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva: WHO, 2018: 295. 38. Skinner HA, Holt S, Schuller R, et al. Identification of alcohol abuse using laboratory tests and a history of trauma. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 847-851.
  • 39. Mariani JJ. Alkolle İlişkili Bozukluklar, Özdel K (Çevirenler), Apteki K, Öztürk Ö (Çeviri Ed.). Gabbard GO (editor). Gabbard’s Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. 4. Baskı, Ankara: Veri Medikal Yayıncılık, 2009; 199-206.
  • 40. Babor TF, Hernandez-Avila CA, Ungemack JA. Substance-related disorders: alcohol-related disorders. Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, et al. (editors). Psychiatry. 4. Baskı. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015: 1401-1434.
  • 41. Johnson MB. Support groups. Fisher GL, Roget NA (editors). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment & Recovery 1&2. 1. Baskı. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009: 889-894. 42. Kurtz LF. Self-help and Support Groups: A Handbook for Practitioners. 1. Baskı, SAGE Publications, 1997: 1-16.
  • 43. Fisher MS. Groups for Substance abuse treatment. Garvin CD, Gutiérrez LM, Galinsky MJ (editors). Handbook of Social Work with Groups. New York: The Guilford Press, 2004: 259-274.
  • 44. LaPaglia D, Kiluk B, Fucito L, et al. Substance use disorders and systems of care. Jacobs SC, Steiner JL (editors). Yale Textbook of Public Psychiatry. 1. Baskı. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016: 79-81.
  • 45. Humphreys K, Wing S, McCarty D, et al. Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004; 26:151-158.
  • 46. Shorkey C, Uebel M. Secular organizations for sobriety/save our selves. Fisher GL, Roget NA (editors). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment & Recovery 1&2. 1. Baskı. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009: 815-816.
  • 47. George RP, Richards DAJ. The Eighteenth Amendment. https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xviii (23 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 48. George RP, Richards DAJ. The Twenty-First Amendment. https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xxi (23 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 49. White WL, Callahan JF. Addiction medicine in America: its birth and early history (1750-1935) with a modern postscript. Ries RK, Fiellin DA, Miller SC, Saitz R (editors). The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine. 5. Baskı. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014: 365-374.
  • 50. Humphreys K. Circles of recovery: self-help organizations for addictions. 1. Baskı. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004: 1-33, 33-43.
  • 51. General Service Office of Alcoholics Anonymous. A.A. Fact File. https://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/m-24_aafactfile.pdf (23 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 52. Kelly JF, McCrady BS. Twelve-step facilitation in non-specialty settings. Galanter M, Kaskutas LA (editors). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume 18: Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery. 1. Baskı. New York: Springer, 2008: 321-346.
  • 53. Bluhm AC. Verification of C. G. Jung’s analysis of Rowland Hazard and the history of Alcoholics Anonymous. Hist Psychol 2006; 9:313-324.
  • 54. Kenny MC, Winick CB. Bill W. Fisher GL, Roget NA (editors). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment & Recovery 1&2. 1. Baskı. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009: 123-124.
  • 55. Kurtz LF. Recovery Groups. 1. Baskı. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015: 30-34.
  • 56. A.A. This is A.A.: An Introduction to the A.A. Recovery Program. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2017: 1-19.
  • 57. A.A. Estimated Worldwide A.A. Individual and Group Membership. 2016. https://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/smf-132_en.pdf.
  • 58. A.A. 2020 International Convention of Alcoholics Anonymous. 2017. https://www.aa.org/pages/en_US/ (4 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 59. Pittman B. Practice These Principles and What Is the Oxford Group? 1. Baskı. Oxford: Hazelden Publishing, 1997: 1-14.
  • 60. Borkman T. The Twelve-step recovery model of AA: a voluntary mutual help association. Galanter M, Kaskutas LA (editors). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume 18: Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery. 1. Baskı. New York: Springer, 2008: 9-35.
  • 61. Alcoholics Anonymous. What is the story behind the Circle and Triangle logo? https://www.aa.org/pages/en_US/frequently-asked-questions-about-aa-history#cinco (24 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 62. Borkman T. Introduction: the twelve-step program model of AA. Galanter M, Kaskutas LA (editors). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume 18: Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery. 1. Baskı. New York: Springer, 2008: 3-8.
  • 63. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. Adsız Alkolikler Tanıtım Dosyası. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye Genel Hizmet Ofisi; 1-23.
  • 64. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. Adsız Alkolikler. http://www.adsizalkolikler.com/Tanitim.asp (3 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 65. A.A. Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2012: 5-18.
  • 66. A.A. Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism. 4. Baskı. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2001: 44-57, 574-575.
  • 67. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. AA Grup Listesi http://www.adsizalkolikler.com/Gruplar1.asp (18 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 68. A.A. Questions and Answers on Sponsorship. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2005: 7-8.
  • 69. Kurtz E. Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous. Genişletilmiş 1. Baskı. Minnesota: Hazelden Publishing, 2010: 153-172.
  • 70. A.A. Eğer Profesyonelseniz. Turkish. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2000: 5.
  • 71. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. Adsız Alkolikler’in Türkiye’de İlk Kuruluşu ile İlgili Belgeler. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye Genel Hizmet Ofisi, 1994.
  • 72. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. AA Kitaplar. http://www.adsizalkolikler.com/Download.asp?goster=kat&kategori=7 (13 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 73. Adsız Alkolikler Türkiye. Büyük toplantılar. http://www.adsizalkolikler.com/Toplantilar.asp?goster=kat&id=24 (18 Aralık 2017).
  • 74. Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. Historical Archive: Awards No Longer Given by the Foundation. Group Awards: 1951-Alcoholics Anonymous http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/historical-awards/#[name=Group] (15 Aralık 2017 tarihinde ulaşıldı).
  • 75. Weisner C, Schmidt LA. Rethinking access to alcohol treatment. Galanter M (editor). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume15: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001: 111.
  • 76. Brown SA, D’Amico EJ. Outcomes of alcohol treatment for adolescents. Galanter M (editor). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume15: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001: 314.
  • 77. Timko C, Moos RH, Finney JF, Lesar MD. Long-term outcomes of alcohol use disorders: comparing untreated ındividuals with those in alcoholic anonymous and formal treatment. J Stud Alcohol 2000; 6: 529-540.
  • 78. O’Farrell TJ, Falls-Stewart W. Family-involved alcoholism treatment: an update. Galanter M (editor). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume15: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001: 348.
  • 79. Kaskutas LA. Alcoholics Anonymous effectiveness: faith meets science. J Addict Dis 2009; 28:145-157.
  • 80. French MT. Economic Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Services. Galanter M (editor). Recent Developments in Alcoholism Volume15: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001: 219, 223.
  • 81. Humphreys K, Moos R. Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? a quasi-experimental study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 711-716.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Abdullah Yıldız 0000-0001-5135-7200

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Kabul Tarihi 3 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yıldız A. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Adsız Alkolikler. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Haziran 2021;22(2):187-207. doi:10.51982/bagimli.841576

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence