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Screen Time and its Determinants in Infants and Toddlers: Results from a Metropolitan Area of Istanbul

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 24 - 35, 31.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1430741

Öz

Objective: This cross sectional study aimed to assess screen time and associated factors in infants and toddlers under the age of 3 years in a metropolitan area.
Method: Data were collected from 269 mothers registered in a family health center using a questionnaire. The questionnaire examines the demographic characteristics of families, the time spent by infants and toddlers with screen devices, and factors that may affect screen time, such as income status, education level and resources.
Results: Three-quarters of infants and toddlers in this sample used screen devices (n=202, 75.1%). Total screen time ranged from 20 to 270 min/day, with a mean of 101.8±56.2 min/day. Infants and toddlers spent an average of 71.9 min/day watching television, 63.1 min/day using tablets, and 36.85 min/day using mobile phones. Total daily screen time exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations in 36.3% of infants aged 0-12 months, 84.3% of toddlers aged 13-24 months, and 49.4% of toddlers aged 25-36 months. Age of infant and toddler, maternal education level, and family income were identified as factors associated with risky screen exposure.
Conclusion: Families can be educated about the potential consequences of screen time and strategies to reduce screen use. In trainings, families in the risk group should be given priority in terms of factors affecting screen time such as income status, education level and age.

Kaynakça

  • Serván-Mori E, Quezada-Sánchez AD, Fuentes-Rivera E, et al. Proximal determinants of suboptimal early child development during the first three years of life in socially deprived mexican contexts. PLoS One 2023; 18(11): 2-19.
  • Jeong J, Franchett EE, Ramos de Oliveira CV, et al. Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18(5): 1-51.
  • Radesky JS, Christakis DA. Increased screen time: implications for early childhood development and behavior. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63(5): 827-839.
  • McCloskey M, Johnson L, Benz C, et al. Parent perceptions of mobile device use among preschool-aged children in rural head start centers. J Nutr Educ Behav 2018; 50(1): 83–89.
  • Hinkley T, McCann JR. Mothers' and father's perceptions of the risks and benefits of screen time and physical activity during early childhood: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18(1): 1271..
  • Aral N, Keskin A. Ebeveyn bakış açısıyla 0-6 yaş döneminde teknolojik alet kullanımının incelenmesi. Addicta 2018; 5(2): 317-348.
  • Ateş MA, Durmuşoğlu Saltalı N. KKTC’de yaşayan 5-6 Yaş çocukların tablet ve cep telefonu kullanımına ilişkin ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 2019; 5(1): 62-90.
  • Rao S, Gupta V, Ambike A, et al. Prevalence of screen addiction and its association with screen use behavior & type of content consumed in the general population of mumbai & its environs. MedRxiv 2023; doi: 10.1101/2023.02.15.23286001.
  • Council on Communications and Media. Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics 2016; 138(5): e20162591..
  • WHO. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2019..
  • Yeşilay. Teknoloji bağımlılığı nedir? https://www.yesilay.org.tr/tr/bagimlilik/teknoloji-bagimliligi (Accessed: 26.05.2024).
  • Aguilar-Farias N, Toledo-Vargas M, Miranda-Marquez S, et al. Sociodemographic predictors of changes in physical activity, screen time, and sleep among toddlers and preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18(1): 176.
  • Oflu A, Yalçın SS. Video game use among secondary school students and associated factors. Arch Argent Pediatr 2019; 117(6): 584-591.
  • Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2019; 9(1): e023191.
  • Dardanou M, Unstad T, Brito R, et al. Use of touchscreen technology by 0–3-year-old children: parents’ practices and perspectives in Norway, Portugal and Japan. J Early Child Lit 2020; 20(3): 551–573.
  • Kılıç O, Sari E, Yucel H, et al. Exposure to and use of mobile devices in children aged 1-60 months. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178(2): 221-227.
  • Salant P, Dillman A. How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York, Wiley, 1994.
  • Shah RR, Fahey NM, Soni AV, et al. Screen time usage among preschoolers aged 2-6 in rural western India: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8(6): 1999-2002.
  • Rideout V, Robb M. The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight, 2020. San Francisco, CA, Common Sense Media, 2020.
  • Byeon H, Hong S. Relationship between television viewing and language delay in toddlers: evidence from a Korea national cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2015; 10(3): e0120663.
  • John J, Joseph R, David A, et al. Association of screen time with parent-reported cognitive delay in preschool children of Kerala, India. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21(1): 73.
  • Gökçen A. Çocukların Ekran Kullanım Özellikleri, Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Eğilimleri, Sosyal Yetkinlik ve Davranış Durumları ve Ebeveyn Rehberlik Stratejileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Okul Öncesi Eğitim Anabilim Dalı, 2023.
  • İlvan E. Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocukların Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Eğilimleri İle Anne Çocuk İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Okul Öncesi Eğitim Anabilim Dalı, 2022.
  • Liu S, Li N. Going virtual in the early years: 30-month-old toddlers recognize commonly used emojis. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101541.
  • Archer K, Wood E, De Pasquale D. Examining joint parent-child interactions involving infants and toddlers when introducing mobile technology. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101568.
  • Nobre J, Santos J, Santos L, et al. Determining factors in children’s screen time in early childhood. Cien Saude Colet 2021; 26(3): 1127-1136.
  • Pham B, Lim S. Vietnamese pre-schoolers’ tablet use and early childhood learning: an ecological investigation. J Child Media 2019; 13(3): 241-259.
  • Vandewater EA, Rideout VJ, Wartella EA, et al. Digital childhood: electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics 2007 ;119(5):e1006-e1015.
  • Chonchaiya W, Pruksananonda C. Television viewing associates with delayed language development. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97(7): 977-982.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Healthy children: toddlers. https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed 13.06.2024)
  • Yolcu H. Hanehalkının eğitim harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: Kuramsal bir çalışma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2011; 3(5): 12-35.
  • Carson V, Kuzik N. Demographic correlates of screen time and objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity among toddlers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1): 187.
  • Krogh MT, Egmose I, Stuart AC, et al. A longitudinal examination of daily amounts of screen time and technoference in infants aged 2-11 months and associations with maternal sociodemographic factors. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101543..
  • Konok V, Bunford N, Miklósi Á. Associations between child mobile use and digital parenting style in Hungarian families. J Child Media 2020; 14(1): 91-109.
  • Certain K, Kahn S. Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics 2002; 109(4): 634-642.
  • Lindsay A, Alves A, de Barros Vianna G, et al. Qualitative study conducted in the United States exploring the perspectives of Brazilian immigrant fathers about their preschool-age children’s physical activity and screen time. J Public Health 2021; 30(6): 1619–1632.
  • Masur F, Flynn V. Infant and mother–infant play and the presence of the television. J Appl Dev Psychol 2008; 29(1): 76–83.
  • Horodynski MA, Stommel M, Brophy-Herb H, et al. Mealtime television viewing and dietary quality in low-income African American and Caucasian mother-toddler dyads. J Matern Child Health 2010; 14(4): 548–556.
  • Hish AJ, Wood CT, Howard JB, et al. Infant television watching predicts toddler television watching in a low-income population. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21(6): 988-995.
  • Özkılıç D. Üç Yaş Çocuklarda Teknolojik Alet Kullanımının Sosyal Beceri, Oyun Becerisi ve Dil Gelişimi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2019
  • Akkuş Y, Yılmazer Y, Şahinöz A, Sucaklı İ. 3-60 ay arası çocukların televizyon izleme alışkanlıklarının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2015; 1(Suppl 2): 351-360.
  • WHO. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019.
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Council on early childhood literacy promotion: an essential component of primary care pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2014; 134(2): 404–409

Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklarda Ekran Süresi ve Belirleyicileri: İstanbul'un Bir Metropol Bölgesinden Sonuçlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 24 - 35, 31.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1430741

Öz

Amaç: Bu kesitsel çalışma, bir metropol bölgesindeki bebek ve 3 yaş altı küçük çocuklarda ekran süresini ve ilişkili faktörleri değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Veriler bir aile sağlığı merkezine kayıtlı 269 anneden bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Anket, ailelerin demografik özelliklerini, bebeklerin ve küçük çocukların ekranlı cihazlarla geçirdikleri süreyi ve gelir durumu, eğitim düzeyi ve kaynaklar gibi ekran süresini etkileyebilecek faktörleri incelemektedir.
Bulgular: Bebeklerin ve küçük çocukların dörtte üçü ekranlı cihazlar kullanmıştır (n=202, %75,1). Toplam ekran süresi 20 ila 270 dakika/gün arasında değişmekte olup, ortalama 101,8±56,2 dakika/gündür. Bebekler ve küçük çocuklar ortalama 71,9 dakika/gün televizyon izleyerek, 63,1 dakika/gün tablet kullanarak ve 36,85 dakika/gün cep telefonu kullanarak geçirmiştir. Toplam günlük ekran süresi 0-12 aylık bebeklerin %36,3'ünde, 13-24 aylık küçük çocukların %84,3'ünde ve 25-36 aylık küçük çocukların %49,4'ünde Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ( DSÖ) tavsiyelerini aşmıştır. Bebeğin ve yeni yürümeye başlayan çocuğun yaşı, annenin eğitim düzeyi ve aile geliri riskli ekran maruziyeti ile ilişkili faktörler olarak belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Aileler, ekran süresinin potansiyel sonuçları ve ekran kullanımını azaltmaya yönelik stratejiler konusunda eğitilebilir. Eğitimlerde, risk grubundaki ailelere gelir durumu, eğitim düzeyi ve yaş gibi ekran süresini etkileyen faktörler açısından öncelik verilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Serván-Mori E, Quezada-Sánchez AD, Fuentes-Rivera E, et al. Proximal determinants of suboptimal early child development during the first three years of life in socially deprived mexican contexts. PLoS One 2023; 18(11): 2-19.
  • Jeong J, Franchett EE, Ramos de Oliveira CV, et al. Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18(5): 1-51.
  • Radesky JS, Christakis DA. Increased screen time: implications for early childhood development and behavior. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63(5): 827-839.
  • McCloskey M, Johnson L, Benz C, et al. Parent perceptions of mobile device use among preschool-aged children in rural head start centers. J Nutr Educ Behav 2018; 50(1): 83–89.
  • Hinkley T, McCann JR. Mothers' and father's perceptions of the risks and benefits of screen time and physical activity during early childhood: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18(1): 1271..
  • Aral N, Keskin A. Ebeveyn bakış açısıyla 0-6 yaş döneminde teknolojik alet kullanımının incelenmesi. Addicta 2018; 5(2): 317-348.
  • Ateş MA, Durmuşoğlu Saltalı N. KKTC’de yaşayan 5-6 Yaş çocukların tablet ve cep telefonu kullanımına ilişkin ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 2019; 5(1): 62-90.
  • Rao S, Gupta V, Ambike A, et al. Prevalence of screen addiction and its association with screen use behavior & type of content consumed in the general population of mumbai & its environs. MedRxiv 2023; doi: 10.1101/2023.02.15.23286001.
  • Council on Communications and Media. Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics 2016; 138(5): e20162591..
  • WHO. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2019..
  • Yeşilay. Teknoloji bağımlılığı nedir? https://www.yesilay.org.tr/tr/bagimlilik/teknoloji-bagimliligi (Accessed: 26.05.2024).
  • Aguilar-Farias N, Toledo-Vargas M, Miranda-Marquez S, et al. Sociodemographic predictors of changes in physical activity, screen time, and sleep among toddlers and preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18(1): 176.
  • Oflu A, Yalçın SS. Video game use among secondary school students and associated factors. Arch Argent Pediatr 2019; 117(6): 584-591.
  • Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2019; 9(1): e023191.
  • Dardanou M, Unstad T, Brito R, et al. Use of touchscreen technology by 0–3-year-old children: parents’ practices and perspectives in Norway, Portugal and Japan. J Early Child Lit 2020; 20(3): 551–573.
  • Kılıç O, Sari E, Yucel H, et al. Exposure to and use of mobile devices in children aged 1-60 months. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178(2): 221-227.
  • Salant P, Dillman A. How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York, Wiley, 1994.
  • Shah RR, Fahey NM, Soni AV, et al. Screen time usage among preschoolers aged 2-6 in rural western India: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8(6): 1999-2002.
  • Rideout V, Robb M. The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight, 2020. San Francisco, CA, Common Sense Media, 2020.
  • Byeon H, Hong S. Relationship between television viewing and language delay in toddlers: evidence from a Korea national cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2015; 10(3): e0120663.
  • John J, Joseph R, David A, et al. Association of screen time with parent-reported cognitive delay in preschool children of Kerala, India. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21(1): 73.
  • Gökçen A. Çocukların Ekran Kullanım Özellikleri, Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Eğilimleri, Sosyal Yetkinlik ve Davranış Durumları ve Ebeveyn Rehberlik Stratejileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Okul Öncesi Eğitim Anabilim Dalı, 2023.
  • İlvan E. Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocukların Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Eğilimleri İle Anne Çocuk İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Okul Öncesi Eğitim Anabilim Dalı, 2022.
  • Liu S, Li N. Going virtual in the early years: 30-month-old toddlers recognize commonly used emojis. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101541.
  • Archer K, Wood E, De Pasquale D. Examining joint parent-child interactions involving infants and toddlers when introducing mobile technology. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101568.
  • Nobre J, Santos J, Santos L, et al. Determining factors in children’s screen time in early childhood. Cien Saude Colet 2021; 26(3): 1127-1136.
  • Pham B, Lim S. Vietnamese pre-schoolers’ tablet use and early childhood learning: an ecological investigation. J Child Media 2019; 13(3): 241-259.
  • Vandewater EA, Rideout VJ, Wartella EA, et al. Digital childhood: electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics 2007 ;119(5):e1006-e1015.
  • Chonchaiya W, Pruksananonda C. Television viewing associates with delayed language development. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97(7): 977-982.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Healthy children: toddlers. https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed 13.06.2024)
  • Yolcu H. Hanehalkının eğitim harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: Kuramsal bir çalışma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2011; 3(5): 12-35.
  • Carson V, Kuzik N. Demographic correlates of screen time and objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity among toddlers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1): 187.
  • Krogh MT, Egmose I, Stuart AC, et al. A longitudinal examination of daily amounts of screen time and technoference in infants aged 2-11 months and associations with maternal sociodemographic factors. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63: 101543..
  • Konok V, Bunford N, Miklósi Á. Associations between child mobile use and digital parenting style in Hungarian families. J Child Media 2020; 14(1): 91-109.
  • Certain K, Kahn S. Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics 2002; 109(4): 634-642.
  • Lindsay A, Alves A, de Barros Vianna G, et al. Qualitative study conducted in the United States exploring the perspectives of Brazilian immigrant fathers about their preschool-age children’s physical activity and screen time. J Public Health 2021; 30(6): 1619–1632.
  • Masur F, Flynn V. Infant and mother–infant play and the presence of the television. J Appl Dev Psychol 2008; 29(1): 76–83.
  • Horodynski MA, Stommel M, Brophy-Herb H, et al. Mealtime television viewing and dietary quality in low-income African American and Caucasian mother-toddler dyads. J Matern Child Health 2010; 14(4): 548–556.
  • Hish AJ, Wood CT, Howard JB, et al. Infant television watching predicts toddler television watching in a low-income population. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21(6): 988-995.
  • Özkılıç D. Üç Yaş Çocuklarda Teknolojik Alet Kullanımının Sosyal Beceri, Oyun Becerisi ve Dil Gelişimi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2019
  • Akkuş Y, Yılmazer Y, Şahinöz A, Sucaklı İ. 3-60 ay arası çocukların televizyon izleme alışkanlıklarının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2015; 1(Suppl 2): 351-360.
  • WHO. Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019.
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Council on early childhood literacy promotion: an essential component of primary care pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2014; 134(2): 404–409
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Didem Kurap Öcebe 0000-0002-1362-9372

Rabiye Güney 0000-0001-7995-8040

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kurap Öcebe D, Güney R. Screen Time and its Determinants in Infants and Toddlers: Results from a Metropolitan Area of Istanbul. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Mart 2025;26(1):24-35. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1430741

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence