Benlik Saygısı ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkide Psikolojik Semptomların Aracılık Etkisi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11
Tuncay Çorak
Seray Gürbüz
Öz
Amaç: Alanyazında, benlik saygısı ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin birçok çalışmada incelendiği, ancak bu ilişkideki altta yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara odaklanan sınırlı sayıda çalışmanın olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, benlik saygısı ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin ve bu ilişkide psikolojik semptomların aracılık etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı nitelikteki bu çalışmada, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 646 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, "Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği", "Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği", "Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği" ve "Demografik Bilgi Formu" kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi, psikolojik semptomların benlik saygısı ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki üzerindeki dolaylı etkileri aracılık analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Benlik saygısı, anksiyete ve stres akıllı telefon bağımlılığını yordamaktadır. Ayrıca, benlik saygısı ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkide anksiyete ve stresin aracılık etkisinin anlamlı olduğu, ancak depresyonun aracılık etkisinin anlamlı olmadığı saptanmıştır.
Tartışma: Bu çalışma, akıllı telefon bağımlılığını etkileyen karmaşık faktörler ağında psikolojik semptomların önemini vurgulamakta, bu alanda müdahale edilmesine yardımcı olabilecek yeni kanıtlar sunmakta ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığının nasıl geliştiğine dair teorik yapıyı genişletmektedir.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma için Bartın Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulu’ndan 16.11.2023 tarihinde ve 2023-SBB-0728 protokol numarası ile onay alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBITAK Bilim İnsanı Destek Programları Başkanlığı
Proje Numarası
Bu çalışma, TÜBITAK Bilim İnsanı Destek Programları Başkanlığı (BIDEB) tarafından yürütülen, 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı 2023 yılı 1. dönem kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Başvuru numarası: 1919B012303421
Teşekkür
Bu çalışmayı 1919B012303421 numaralı araştırma projesi ile destekleyen Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu’na (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Kuss DJ, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, et al. Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: the roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. J Technol Behav Sci 2018; 3(3): 141-149.
- Mobil iletişim Araçları ve Bilgi Teknolojileri İş İnsanları Derneği. Mobil İletişim Sektörü Raporu 2023. https://mobisad.org/wp-content/uploads/rapor-2023.pdf (Accessed 26.02.2024)
- Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict 2018; 7(2): 252-259.
- Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2017; 207: 251-259.
- Shen X, Wang JL. Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation. Comput Human Behav 2019; 95: 31-36.
- Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: a literature review and a pathways model. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2012; 8(4): 299-307.
- Chóliz M. Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction 2010; 105(2): 373-374.
- Wilmer HH, Sherman LE, Chein JM. Smartphones and cognition: a review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning. Front Psychol 2017; 8: 605.
- Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 4(2): 85-92.
- Li L, Gao H, Xu Y. The mediating and buffering effect of academic self-efficacy on the relationship between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination. Comput Educ 2020; 159: 104001.
- Canale N, Moretta T, Pancani L, et al. A test of the pathway model of problematic smartphone use. J Behav Addict 2021; 10(1): 181-193.
- Panova T, Lleras A. Avoidance or boredom: negative mental health outcomes associated with use of ınformation and communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. Comput Human Behav 2016; 58: 249-258.
- Akyol Güner T, Demir İ. Relationship between smartphone addiction and nomophobia, anxiety, self-control in high school students. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2022; 9(2): 218-224.
- Fu L, Wang P, Zhao M, et al. Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020; 108: 104660.
- Aboalshamat K, Jawhari A, Alotibi S, et al. Relationship of self-esteem with depression, anxiety, and stress among dental and medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Medicine and Dentistry 2017; 4(2): 61-68.
- Alhassan AA, Alqadhib EM, Taha NW, et al. The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18(1): 148.
- Gao Q, Fu E, Xiang Y, et al. Self-esteem and addictive smartphone use: the mediator role of anxiety and the moderator role of self-control. Child Youth Serv Rev 2021; 124: 105990.
- Gao T, Li J, Zhang H, et al. The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: the role of depression, anxiety and stress. J Affect Disord 2018; 225: 761-766.
- Bajaj B, Robins RW, Pande N. Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression. Pers Individ Diff 2016; 96: 127-131.
- Chen C, Shen Y, Lv S, et al. The relationship between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction among college students: the chain mediating effects of social avoidance and peer relationships. Front Psychol 2023; 14: 1137220.
- Asici E, Sari HI. Depression, anxiety, and stress in university students: effects of dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and age. Acta Educationis Generalis 2022; 12(1): 109-126.
- Peng S, Zhou B, Wang X, et al. Does high teacher autonomy support reduce smartphone use disorder in Chinese adolescents? A moderated mediation model. Addict Behav 2020; 105: 106319.
- You Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271: 526-531.
- Kim E, Koh E. Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students: the mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem. Comput Human Behav 2018; 84: 264-271.
- Walsh SP, White KM, Cox S, Young RM. Keeping in constant touch: the predictors of young Australians’ mobile phone involvement. Comput Human Behav 2011; 27(1): 333-342.
- Ke Y, Liu X, Xu X, et al. Self-esteem mediates the relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction of Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2024; 14: 1256743.
- You Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271: 526-531.
- Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, et al. How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction 2017; 112(10): 1709-1715.
- Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: a review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 62: 45-52.
- Ge J, Liu Y, Cao W, Zhou S. The relationship between anxiety and depression with smartphone addiction among college students: the mediating effect of executive dysfunction. Front Psychol 2023; 13: 1033304.
- Matar Boumosleh J, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- a cross sectional study. PLoS One 2017; 12(8): e0182239.
- Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial factors affecting smartphone addiction in university students. J Addict Nurs 2017; 28(4): 215-219.
- Lei LY, Ismail MA, Mohammad JA, Yusoff MSB. The relationship of smartphone addiction with psychological distress and neuroticism among university medical students. BMC Psychol 2020; 8(1): 97.
- Vujić A, Szabo A. Hedonic use, stress, and life satisfaction as predictors of smartphone addiction. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15: 100411.
- Burger JM. Personality, 6th ed, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2004.
- Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent: self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
- Chai L, Yang W, Zhang J, et al. Relationship between perfectionism and depression among chinese college students with self-esteem as a mediator. Omega (Westport) 2020; 80(3): 490-503.
- Tekir Ö, Yaşar Ö, Çevik C, et al. Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin depresyon ve benlik saygısı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2018; 8(1): 15-21.
- Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with ınsomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: a cross-sectional designed study. PLoS One 2016; 11(9): e0161126.
- Saleh D, Camart N, Romo L. Predictors of stress in college students. Front Psychol 2017; 8: 19.
- Yang X, Ma H, Zhang L, et al. Perceived social support, depressive symptoms, self-compassion, and mobile phone addiction: a moderated mediation analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13(9): 769.
- Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 2001; 19(1): 43-50.
- Yazıcıoğlu Y, Erdoğan S. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 4. Baskı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2014.
- Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1986.
- Arbuckle JL. IBM SPSS Amos 20 User's Guide. Crawfordville: Amos Development Corporation; 2011.
- Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995; 33(3): 335-343.
- Sarıçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi 2018; 7(1): 19-30.
- Doğan İ, Doğan N. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and its association with sleep quality among medical students. Ankara Medical Journal 2019; 19(3): 550-558.
- Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8(12): e83558.
- Noyan CO, Enez-Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Yılmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2015; 16(1): 73-81.
- Brown TA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, 2nd Ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2015.
- Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 5th Ed. New York: Guilford Publications, 2023.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th Ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2013.
- Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2017.
- Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull 2013; 139(1): 213-240.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, 5. Baskı (Çev. Ed: E. Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 2013: 1-316.
- Mohd Salleh Sahimi H, Norzan MH, Nik Jaafar NR, et al. Excessive smartphone use and its correlations with social anxiety and quality of life among medical students in a public university in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13: 956168.
- Aboalshamat K, Hou XY, Strodl E. The impact of a self-development coaching programme on medical and dental students' psychological health and academic performance: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ 2015; 15: 134.
- Park CJ, Hyun JS, Kim JY, Lee KE. Impact of personal time-related factors on smartphone addiction of female high school students. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014; 1(1): 1-5.
- Mahmoud JS, Staten R, Hall LA, Lennie TA. The relationship among young adult college students' depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2012; 33(3) :149-56.
- Salem GM, Allah MBA, Said RM. Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress among Zagazig University students. Med J Cairo Univ 2016; 84(2): 325-334.
Mediating Effect of Psychological Symptoms in the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Smartphone Addiction
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11
Tuncay Çorak
Seray Gürbüz
Öz
Objective: The literature has extensively examined the relationship between self-esteem and smartphone addiction. However, few studies focus on the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study aims to evaluate the connection between self-esteem and smartphone addiction and explore the mediating effects of psychological symptoms in this relationship.
Method: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted using a convenience sampling method. The sample included 646 participants. Data were collected through the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale," the "Depression Anxiety Stress Scale," the "Smartphone Addiction Scale," and a "Demographic Information Form." Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between variables, while mediation analysis assessed the indirect effects of psychological symptoms on the relationship between self-esteem and smartphone addiction.
Results: Self-esteem, anxiety, and stress were found to predict smartphone addiction. Anxiety and stress significantly mediated the relationship between self-esteem and smartphone addiction, whereas depression did not show a significant mediating effect.
Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of psychological symptoms in the complex interplay of factors contributing to smartphone addiction. It provides new evidence that can inform interventions in this area and expands the theoretical understanding of how smartphone addiction develops.
Proje Numarası
Bu çalışma, TÜBITAK Bilim İnsanı Destek Programları Başkanlığı (BIDEB) tarafından yürütülen, 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı 2023 yılı 1. dönem kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Başvuru numarası: 1919B012303421
Kaynakça
- Kuss DJ, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, et al. Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: the roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. J Technol Behav Sci 2018; 3(3): 141-149.
- Mobil iletişim Araçları ve Bilgi Teknolojileri İş İnsanları Derneği. Mobil İletişim Sektörü Raporu 2023. https://mobisad.org/wp-content/uploads/rapor-2023.pdf (Accessed 26.02.2024)
- Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict 2018; 7(2): 252-259.
- Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2017; 207: 251-259.
- Shen X, Wang JL. Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation. Comput Human Behav 2019; 95: 31-36.
- Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: a literature review and a pathways model. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2012; 8(4): 299-307.
- Chóliz M. Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction 2010; 105(2): 373-374.
- Wilmer HH, Sherman LE, Chein JM. Smartphones and cognition: a review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning. Front Psychol 2017; 8: 605.
- Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 4(2): 85-92.
- Li L, Gao H, Xu Y. The mediating and buffering effect of academic self-efficacy on the relationship between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination. Comput Educ 2020; 159: 104001.
- Canale N, Moretta T, Pancani L, et al. A test of the pathway model of problematic smartphone use. J Behav Addict 2021; 10(1): 181-193.
- Panova T, Lleras A. Avoidance or boredom: negative mental health outcomes associated with use of ınformation and communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. Comput Human Behav 2016; 58: 249-258.
- Akyol Güner T, Demir İ. Relationship between smartphone addiction and nomophobia, anxiety, self-control in high school students. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2022; 9(2): 218-224.
- Fu L, Wang P, Zhao M, et al. Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020; 108: 104660.
- Aboalshamat K, Jawhari A, Alotibi S, et al. Relationship of self-esteem with depression, anxiety, and stress among dental and medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Medicine and Dentistry 2017; 4(2): 61-68.
- Alhassan AA, Alqadhib EM, Taha NW, et al. The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18(1): 148.
- Gao Q, Fu E, Xiang Y, et al. Self-esteem and addictive smartphone use: the mediator role of anxiety and the moderator role of self-control. Child Youth Serv Rev 2021; 124: 105990.
- Gao T, Li J, Zhang H, et al. The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: the role of depression, anxiety and stress. J Affect Disord 2018; 225: 761-766.
- Bajaj B, Robins RW, Pande N. Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression. Pers Individ Diff 2016; 96: 127-131.
- Chen C, Shen Y, Lv S, et al. The relationship between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction among college students: the chain mediating effects of social avoidance and peer relationships. Front Psychol 2023; 14: 1137220.
- Asici E, Sari HI. Depression, anxiety, and stress in university students: effects of dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and age. Acta Educationis Generalis 2022; 12(1): 109-126.
- Peng S, Zhou B, Wang X, et al. Does high teacher autonomy support reduce smartphone use disorder in Chinese adolescents? A moderated mediation model. Addict Behav 2020; 105: 106319.
- You Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271: 526-531.
- Kim E, Koh E. Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students: the mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem. Comput Human Behav 2018; 84: 264-271.
- Walsh SP, White KM, Cox S, Young RM. Keeping in constant touch: the predictors of young Australians’ mobile phone involvement. Comput Human Behav 2011; 27(1): 333-342.
- Ke Y, Liu X, Xu X, et al. Self-esteem mediates the relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction of Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2024; 14: 1256743.
- You Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271: 526-531.
- Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, et al. How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction 2017; 112(10): 1709-1715.
- Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: a review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 62: 45-52.
- Ge J, Liu Y, Cao W, Zhou S. The relationship between anxiety and depression with smartphone addiction among college students: the mediating effect of executive dysfunction. Front Psychol 2023; 13: 1033304.
- Matar Boumosleh J, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- a cross sectional study. PLoS One 2017; 12(8): e0182239.
- Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial factors affecting smartphone addiction in university students. J Addict Nurs 2017; 28(4): 215-219.
- Lei LY, Ismail MA, Mohammad JA, Yusoff MSB. The relationship of smartphone addiction with psychological distress and neuroticism among university medical students. BMC Psychol 2020; 8(1): 97.
- Vujić A, Szabo A. Hedonic use, stress, and life satisfaction as predictors of smartphone addiction. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15: 100411.
- Burger JM. Personality, 6th ed, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2004.
- Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent: self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
- Chai L, Yang W, Zhang J, et al. Relationship between perfectionism and depression among chinese college students with self-esteem as a mediator. Omega (Westport) 2020; 80(3): 490-503.
- Tekir Ö, Yaşar Ö, Çevik C, et al. Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin depresyon ve benlik saygısı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2018; 8(1): 15-21.
- Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with ınsomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: a cross-sectional designed study. PLoS One 2016; 11(9): e0161126.
- Saleh D, Camart N, Romo L. Predictors of stress in college students. Front Psychol 2017; 8: 19.
- Yang X, Ma H, Zhang L, et al. Perceived social support, depressive symptoms, self-compassion, and mobile phone addiction: a moderated mediation analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13(9): 769.
- Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 2001; 19(1): 43-50.
- Yazıcıoğlu Y, Erdoğan S. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 4. Baskı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2014.
- Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1986.
- Arbuckle JL. IBM SPSS Amos 20 User's Guide. Crawfordville: Amos Development Corporation; 2011.
- Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995; 33(3): 335-343.
- Sarıçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi 2018; 7(1): 19-30.
- Doğan İ, Doğan N. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and its association with sleep quality among medical students. Ankara Medical Journal 2019; 19(3): 550-558.
- Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8(12): e83558.
- Noyan CO, Enez-Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Yılmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2015; 16(1): 73-81.
- Brown TA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, 2nd Ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2015.
- Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 5th Ed. New York: Guilford Publications, 2023.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th Ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2013.
- Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2017.
- Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull 2013; 139(1): 213-240.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, 5. Baskı (Çev. Ed: E. Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 2013: 1-316.
- Mohd Salleh Sahimi H, Norzan MH, Nik Jaafar NR, et al. Excessive smartphone use and its correlations with social anxiety and quality of life among medical students in a public university in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13: 956168.
- Aboalshamat K, Hou XY, Strodl E. The impact of a self-development coaching programme on medical and dental students' psychological health and academic performance: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ 2015; 15: 134.
- Park CJ, Hyun JS, Kim JY, Lee KE. Impact of personal time-related factors on smartphone addiction of female high school students. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014; 1(1): 1-5.
- Mahmoud JS, Staten R, Hall LA, Lennie TA. The relationship among young adult college students' depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2012; 33(3) :149-56.
- Salem GM, Allah MBA, Said RM. Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress among Zagazig University students. Med J Cairo Univ 2016; 84(2): 325-334.