Süs Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde LED Aydınlatma Kaynaklarının Kullanımı

Öz

Süs bitkileri endüstrisi, çok sayıda çeşitli türlerde estetik değerleri olan bitkileri kapsamaktadır. Bu sektörün ekonomik etkisi de dikkate değer bir öneme sahiptir. Süs bitkileri pazarının ekonomik büyüklüğüne rağmen çözülmesi gereken sorunlar ve bitki üretiminde iyileştirmeler gerekli olmaktadır. Ayrıca, süs bitkileri sektörü, pazarın küreselleşmesi, iklim değişikliğiyle ilgili belirsizlikler, arazi kullanım rekabeti gibi birden fazla zorlukla da karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Hem ekonomik hem de sürdürülebilirlik açısından süs bitkileri üretiminin optimizasyonunda kontrollü ortam sistemleri, seralar, topraksız sistemler, tam kapalı mekanlar ve LED yapay ışık kaynaklarının kullanımı ve etkinlikleri son yıllarda yapılan araştırma sonuçlarıyla büyük önem kazanmıştır. Bu durum teknoloji odaklı bir yaklaşım kullanılarak çevresel parametrelerin doğru bir şekilde ele alınmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Işık, fotosentezde sahip olduğu önemi ile bitki büyümesini ve gelişimini koordine eden temel çevresel faktördür. Son yıllarda bitki yetiştiriciliği için özelikle LED teknolojisiyle istenilen dalga boyunda ve karışımlarında yapay aydınlatmanın uygulamalarında etkinlikleri görülmeye başlanmıştır. Ayrıca güneş radyasyonunun zayıf olduğu zamanlarda tamamlayıcı bir kaynak olarak da tek başına bir ışık kaynağı olarak fotosentez için enerji sağlamakta ve bitki gelişim evrelerini, çiçeklenme süreçlerini düzenleyebilmektedir. Miktar (yoğunluk), süre (fotoperiyot) ve spektral kompozisyon gibi ışık özelliklerini düzenleyerek; çiçeklenmeyi, bitki gelişimini arzu edilen şekilde düzenleyebilmek, bitki mimarisini kontrol etmek, üretim sezonunu kısaltabilmek, yaprak ve çiçek renklerini etkileyebilmek, uzun ömürlülüğü sağlamak, raf ömrünü uzatmak gibi önemli süs bitkileri üretim hedeflerine ulaşmak mümkün olabilmektedir. Yalnızca bitkisel üretimde standart ek aydınlatma dışında, hızlı gelişim, vejetasyon süresini düzenleme, çiçek oluşumu, yapraklanma artışı, büyüme evrelerinin düzenlenmesi, renk oluşumları, bodurlaşma, vazo ömrünü uzatma gibi çok sayıda önemli etkiler ortaya çıkarılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu konuda son yıllarda araştırmalar hızlı bir artış göstermiştir. Bu araştırmada da süs bitkileri üretiminde önem kazanan LED aydınlatma kaynaklarının, farklı dalga boyu ve karışımlarının süs bitkilerinde ki sonuçları ve yapılan literatür çalışmalarıyla özellikle son yıllardaki etkinlikleri ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aydınlatma
• LED
• spektrum
• süs bitkileri

Use of LED Lighting Sources in Ornamental Plant Cultivation

Öz

The ornamental plant industry covers a large number of plants with various types of aesthetic values. The economic impact of this sector has also considerable importance. Despite the economic size of the ornamental plant market, there are problems to be solved and improvements in plant production are necessary. In addition, the ornamental plant sector is faced with multiple challenges such as globalization of the market, uncertainties related to climate change, and land use competition. In terms of both economic and sustainability, the use and effectiveness of controlled environment systems, greenhouses, soilless systems, fully closed spaces and LED artificial light sources have gained great importance in the optimization of ornamental plant production with the results of research conducted in recent years. This situation allows environmental parameters to be addressed correctly using a technology-oriented approach. Light is the main environmental factor that coordinates plant growth and development with its importance in photosynthesis. In recent years, the effectiveness of artificial lighting applications, especially with LED technology in the desired wavelength and mixtures for plant cultivation, has begun to be seen. In addition, as a complementary source when solar radiation is weak, it provides energy for photosynthesis as a single light source and can regulate plant development stages and flowering processes. By regulating light properties such as amount (intensity), period (photoperiod) and spectral composition; it is possible to achieve important ornamental plant production targets such as regulating flowering and plant development as desired, controlling plant architecture, shortening the production season, affecting leaf and flower colors, ensuring longevity, and extending shelf life. Apart from standard supplementary lighting in plant production alone, many important effects such as rapid development, regulating vegetation period, flower formation, increased leafing, regulating growth phases, color formation, dwarfing, and extending vase life have begun to emerge. Research on this subject has shown a rapid increase in recent years. In this research, the results of LED lighting sources, which have gained importance in ornamental plant production, different wavelengths and mixtures on ornamental plants and their effectiveness, especially in recent years, have been revealed with literature studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lighting
• LED
• spectrum
• ornamental plants

Kaynakça

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